Calendar No. 535
105th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 2281
AN ACT
To amend title 17, United States Code, to implement the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and for other purposes.
August 31, 1998
Received; read twice and placed on the calendar
HR 2281 PCS
Calendar No. 535
105th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 2281
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
August 31, 1998
Received; read twice and placed on the calendar
AN ACT
To amend title 17, United States Code, to implement the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty and Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the `Digital Millennium Copyright Act'.
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Sec. 2. Table of contents.
TITLE I--WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATIES IMPLEMENTATION
Sec. 102. Technical amendments.
Sec. 103. Copyright protection systems and copyright management information.
Sec. 104. Development and implementation of technological protection measures.
Sec. 105. Evaluation of impact of copyright law and amendments on electronic commerce and technological development.
Sec. 106. Effective date.
TITLE II--ONLINE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY LIMITATION
Sec. 202. Limitations on liability for copyright infringement.
Sec. 203. Effective date.
TITLE III-COMPUTER MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR COPYRIGHT EXEMPTION
Sec. 302. Limitations on exclusive rights; computer programs.
TITLE IV--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Subtitle A--Establishment of the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy
Sec. 401. Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy.
Sec. 402. Relationship with existing authorities.
Subtitle B--Related Provisions
Sec. 411. Ephemeral recordings.
Sec. 412. Limitations on exclusive rights; distance education.
Sec. 413. Exemption for libraries and archives.
Sec. 415. Scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings; ephemeral recordings.
Sec. 416. Assumption of contractual obligations related to transfers of rights in motion pictures.
Sec. 417. First sale clarification.
TITLE V--COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION ANTIPIRACY ACT
Sec. 502. Misappropriation of collections of information.
Sec. 503. Conforming amendment.
Sec. 504. Conforming amendments to title 28, United States Code.
Sec. 505. Effective date.
TITLE VI--PROTECTION OF CERTAIN ORIGINAL DESIGNS
Sec. 602. Protection of certain original designs.
Sec. 603. Conforming amendments.
Sec. 604. Effective date.
TITLE I--WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATIES IMPLEMENTATION
SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `WIPO Copyright Treaties Implementation Act'.
SEC. 102. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.
(a) DEFINITIONS- Section 101 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by striking the definition of `Berne Convention work';
(2) in the definition of `The `country of origin' of a Berne Convention work'--
(A) by striking `The `country of origin' of a Berne Convention work, for purposes of section 411, is the United States if' and inserting `For purposes of section 411, a work is a `United States work' only if';
(i) in subparagraph (B) by striking `nation or nations adhering to the Berne Convention' and inserting `treaty party or parties';
(ii) in subparagraph (C) by striking `does not adhere to the Berne Convention' and inserting `is not a treaty party'; and
(iii) in subparagraph (D) by striking `does not adhere to the Berne Convention' and inserting `is not a treaty party'; and
(C) in the matter following paragraph (3) by striking `For the purposes of section 411, the `country of origin' of any other Berne Convention work is not the United States.';
(3) by inserting after the definition of `fixed' the following:
`The `Geneva Phonograms Convention' is the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on October 29, 1971.';
(4) by inserting after the definition of `including' the following:
`An `international agreement' is--
`(1) the Universal Copyright Convention;
`(2) the Geneva Phonograms Convention;
`(3) the Berne Convention;
`(5) the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(6) the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; and
`(7) any other copyright treaty to which the United States is a party.';
(5) by inserting after the definition of `transmit' the following:
`A `treaty party' is a country or intergovernmental organization other than the United States that is a party to an international agreement.';
(6) by inserting after the definition of `widow' the following:
`The `WIPO Copyright Treaty' is the WIPO Copyright Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.';
(7) by inserting after the definition of `The `WIPO Copyright Treaty' the following:
`The `WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty' is the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.'; and
(8) by inserting after the definition of `work made for hire' the following:
`The terms `WTO Agreement' and `WTO member country' have the meanings given those terms in paragraphs (9) and (10), respectively, of section 2 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.'.
(b) SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT; NATIONAL ORIGIN- Section 104 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(A) in paragraph (1) by striking `foreign nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the United States is also a party' and inserting `treaty party';
(B) in paragraph (2) by striking `party to the Universal Copyright Convention' and inserting `treaty party';
(C) by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (6);
(D) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (5) and inserting it after paragraph (4);
(E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:
`(3) the work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty party; or';
(F) in paragraph (4) by striking `Berne Convention work' and inserting `pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is incorporated in a building or other structure, or an architectural work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is located in the United States or a treaty party'; and
(G) by inserting after paragraph (6), as so redesignated, the following:
`For purposes of paragraph (2), a work that is published in the United States or a treaty party within 30 days after publication in a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to be first published in the United States or such treaty party, as the case may be.'; and
(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
`(d) EFFECT OF PHONOGRAMS TREATIES- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b), no works other than sound recordings shall be eligible for protection under this title solely by virtue of the adherence of the United States to the Geneva Phonograms Convention or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.'.
(c) COPYRIGHT IN RESTORED WORKS- Section 104A(h) of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B) and inserting the following:
`(A) a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;
`(B) a WTO member country;
`(C) a nation adhering to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(D) a nation adhering to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or
`(E) subject to a Presidential proclamation under subsection (g).';
(2) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:
`(3) The term `eligible country' means a nation, other than the United States, that--
`(A) becomes a WTO member country after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act;
`(B) on such date of enactment is, or after such date of enactment becomes, a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;
`(C) adheres to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(D) adheres to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or
`(E) after such date of enactment becomes subject to a proclamation under subsection (g).';
(A) in subparagraph (C)(iii) by striking `and' after the semicolon;
(B) at the end of subparagraph (D) by striking the period and inserting `; and'; and
(C) by adding after subparagraph (D) the following:
`(E) if the source country for the work is an eligible country solely by virtue of its adherence to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, is a sound recording.';
(4) in paragraph (8)(B)(i)--
(A) by inserting `of which' before `the majority'; and
(B) by striking `of eligible countries'; and
(5) by striking paragraph (9).
(d) REGISTRATION AND INFRINGEMENT ACTIONS- Section 411(a) of title 17, United States Code, is amended in the first sentence--
(1) by striking `actions for infringement of copyright in Berne Convention works whose country of origin is not the United States and'; and
(2) by inserting `United States' after `no action for infringement of the copyright in any'.
(e) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS- Section 507(a) of title 17, United State Code, is amended by striking `No' and inserting `Except as expressly provided otherwise in this title, no'.
SEC. 103. COPYRIGHT PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION.
(a) IN GENERAL- Title 17, United States Code is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:
`CHAPTER 12--COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
`Sec.
`1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems.
`1202. Integrity of copyright management information.
`1204. Criminal offenses and penalties.
`Sec. 1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems
`(a) VIOLATIONS REGARDING CIRCUMVENTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES- (1)(A) No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title. The prohibition contained in the preceding sentence shall take effect at the end of the 2-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this chapter.
`(B)(i) The prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to persons with respect to a copyrighted work which is in a particular class of works and to which such persons have gained initial lawful access, if such persons are, or are likely to be in the succeeding 3-year period, adversely affected by virtue of such prohibition in their ability to make noninfringing uses of that particular class of works under this title, as determined under subparagraph (C).
`(ii) The prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to nonprofit libraries, archives, or educational institutions, or to any entity described in section 501(c)(3), (4), or (6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 that is exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code, with respect to a particular class of works, if such entities are, or are likely to be in the succeeding 3-year period, adversely affected by virtue of such prohibition in their ability to make noninfringing uses of that particular class of works under this title, as determined under subparagraph (C).
`(C) During the 2-year period described in subparagraph (A), and during each succeeding 3-year period, the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights, shall conduct a rulemaking on the record to make the determination for purposes of subparagraph (B) of whether nonprofit libraries, archives, or educational institutions and other entities described in subparagraph (B) or persons who have gained initial lawful access to a copyrighted work are, or are likely to be in the succeeding 3-year period, adversely affected by the prohibition under subparagraph (A) in their ability to make noninfringing uses under this title of a particular class of copyrighted works. In conducting such rulemaking, the Secretary shall examine--
`(i) the availability for use of copyrighted works;
`(ii) the availability for use of works for nonprofit archival, preservation, and educational purposes;
`(iii) the impact of the prohibition on the circumvention of technological measures applied to copyrighted works on criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research;
`(iv) the effect of circumvention of technological measures on the market for or value of copyrighted works; and
`(v) such other factors as the Secretary, in consultation with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights, considers appropriate.
`(D) The Secretary shall publish any class of copyrighted works for which the Secretary has determined, pursuant to the rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (C), that noninfringing uses by nonprofit libraries, archives, or educational institutions and other entities described in subparagraph (B) or by persons who have gained initial lawful access to a copyrighted work are, or are likely to be, adversely affected, and the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to such entities with respect to such class of works, or to such persons with respect to such copyrighted work, for the ensuing 3-year period.
`(E) Neither the exception under subparagraph (B) from the applicability of the prohibition contained in subparagraph (A), nor any determination made in a rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (C), may be used as a defense in any action to enforce any provision of this title other than this paragraph.
`(2) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that--
`(A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title;
`(B) has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title; or
`(C) is marketed by that person or another acting in concert with that person with that person's knowledge for use in circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.
`(3) As used in this subsection--
`(A) to `circumvent a technological measure' means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological measure, without the authority of the copyright owner; and
`(B) a technological measure `effectively controls access to a work' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, requires the application of information, or a process or a treatment, with the authority of the copyright owner, to gain access to the work.
`(b) ADDITIONAL VIOLATIONS- (1) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that--
`(A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing protection afforded by a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under this title in a work or a portion thereof;
`(B) has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under this title in a work or a portion thereof; or
`(C) is marketed by that person or another acting in concert with that person with that person's knowledge for use in circumventing protection afforded by a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under this title in a work or a portion thereof.
`(2) As used in this subsection--
`(A) to `circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure' means avoiding, bypassing, removing, deactivating, or otherwise impairing a technological measure; and
`(B) a technological measure `effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under this title' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, prevents, restricts, or otherwise limits the exercise of a right of a copyright owner under this title.
`(c) OTHER RIGHTS, ETC., NOT AFFECTED- (1) Nothing in this section shall affect rights, remedies, limitations, or defenses to copyright infringement, including fair use, under this title.
`(2) Nothing in this section shall enlarge or diminish vicarious or contributory liability for copyright infringement in connection with any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof.
`(3) Nothing in this section shall require that the design of, or design and selection of parts and components for, a consumer electronics, telecommunications, or computing product provide for a response to any particular technological measure.
`(4) Nothing in this section shall enlarge or diminish any rights of free speech or the press for activities using consumer electronics, telecommunications, or computing products.
`(d) EXEMPTION FOR NONPROFIT LIBRARIES, ARCHIVES, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS- (1) A nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution which gains access to a commercially exploited copyrighted work solely in order to make a good faith determination of whether to acquire a copy of that work for the sole purpose of engaging in conduct permitted under this title shall not be in violation of subsection (a)(1)(A). A copy of a work to which access has been gained under this paragraph--
`(A) may not be retained longer than necessary to make such good faith determination; and
`(B) may not be used for any other purpose.
`(2) The exemption made available under paragraph (1) shall only apply with respect to a work when an identical copy of that work is not reasonably available in another form.
`(3) A nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution that willfully for the purpose of commercial advantage or financial gain violates paragraph (1)--
`(A) shall, for the first offense, be subject to the civil remedies under section 1203; and
`(B) shall, for repeated or subsequent offenses, in addition to the civil remedies under section 1203, forfeit the exemption provided under paragraph (1).
`(4) This subsection may not be used as a defense to a claim under subsection (a)(2) or (b), nor may this subsection permit a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution to manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, component, or part thereof, which circumvents a technological measure.
`(5) In order for a library or archives to qualify for the exemption under this subsection, the collections of that library or archives shall be--
`(A) open to the public; or
`(B) available not only to researchers affiliated with the library or archives or with the institution of which it is a part, but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field.
`(e) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES- This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of an officer, agent, or employee of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or a person acting pursuant to a contract with the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.
`(f) REVERSE ENGINEERING- (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), a person who has lawfully obtained the right to use a copy of a computer program may circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a particular portion of that program for the sole purpose of identifying and analyzing those elements of the program that are necessary to achieve interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and that have not previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention, to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under this title.
`(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a)(2) and (b), a person may develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological measure, or to circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure, in order for that person to make the identification and analysis permitted under paragraph (1), or for the limited purpose of that person achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, if such means are necessary to achieve such interoperability, to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title.
`(3) The information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph (1), and the means permitted under paragraph (2), may be made available to others if the person referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) provides such information or means solely for the purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title or violate other applicable law.
`(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term `interoperability' means the ability of computer programs to exchange information, and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged.
`(g) ENCRYPTION RESEARCH-
`(1) DEFINITIONS- For purposes of this subsection--
`(A) the term `encryption research' means activities necessary to identify and analyze flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technologies applied to copyrighted works, if these activities are conducted to advance the state of knowledge in the field of encryption technology or to assist in the development of encryption products; and
`(B) the term `encryption technology' means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulas or algorithms.
`(2) PERMISSIBLE ACTS OF ENCRYPTION RESEARCH- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of that subsection for a person to circumvent a technological measure as applied to a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a published work in the course of an act of good faith encryption research if--
`(A) the person lawfully obtained the encrypted copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of the published work;
`(B) such act is necessary to conduct such encryption research;
`(C) the person made a good faith effort to obtain authorization before the circumvention; and
`(D) such act does not constitute infringement under this title or a violation of applicable law other than this section, including section 1030 of title 18 and those provisions of title 18 amended by the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986.
`(3) FACTORS IN DETERMINING EXEMPTION- In determining whether a person qualifies for the exemption under paragraph (2), the factors to be considered shall include--
`(A) whether the information derived from the encryption research was disseminated, and if so, whether it was disseminated in a manner reasonably calculated to advance the state of knowledge or development of encryption technology, versus whether it was disseminated in a manner that facilitates infringement under this title or a violation of applicable law other than this section, including a violation of privacy or breach of security;
`(B) whether the person is engaged in a legitimate course of study, is employed, or is appropriately trained or experienced, in the field of encryption technology; and
`(C) whether the person provides the copyright owner of the work to which the technological measure is applied with notice of the findings and documentation of the research, and the time when such notice is provided.
`(4) USE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITIES- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(2), it is not a violation of that subsection for a person to--
`(A) develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological measure for the sole purpose of that person performing the acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2); and
`(B) provide the technological means to another person with whom he or she is working collaboratively for the purpose of conducting the acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2) or for the purpose of having that other person verify his or her acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2).
`(5) REPORT TO CONGRESS- Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this chapter, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights shall jointly report to the Congress on the effect this subsection has had on--
`(A) encryption research and the development of encryption technology;
`(B) the adequacy and effectiveness of technological measures designed to protect copyrighted works; and
`(C) protection of copyright owners against the unauthorized access to their encrypted copyrighted works.
The report shall include legislative recommendations, if any.
`(h) EXCPETIONS REGARDING MINORS- (1) In applying subsection (a) to a component or part, the court may consider the necessity for its intended and actual incorporation in a technology, product, service, or device, which--
`(A) does not itself violate the provisions of this title; and
`(B) has the sole purpose to prevent the access of minors to material on the Internet.
`(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of that subsection for a parent to circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a test, examination, or other evaluation of his or her minor child's abilities that is given by a nonprofit educational institution if--
`(A) the parent made a good faith effort to obtain authorization before the circumvention; and
`(B) such act is necessary to obtain a copy of such test, examination, or other evaluation.
`(i) PROTECTION OF PERSONALLY IDENTIFYING INFORMATION-
(1) CIRCUMVENTION PERMITTED- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of that subsection for a person to circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title, if--
`(A) the technological measure, or the work it protects, contains the capability of collecting or disseminating personally identifying information reflecting the online activities of a natural person who seeks to gain access to the work protected;
`(B) in the normal course of its operation, the technological measure, or the work it protects, collects or disseminates personally identifying information about the person who seeks to gain access to the work protected, without providing conspicuous notice of such collection or dissemination to such person, and without providing such person with the capability to prevent or restrict such collection or dissemination;
`(C) the act of circumvention has the sole effect of identifying and disabling the capability described in subparagraph (A), and has no other effect on the ability of any person to gain access to any work; and
`(D) the act of circumvention is carried out solely for the purpose of preventing the collection or dissemination of personally identifying information about a natural person who seeks to gain access to the work protected, and is not in violation of any other law.
`(2) INAPPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES- This subsection does not apply to a technological measure, or a work it protects, that does not collect or disseminate personally identifying information and that is disclosed to a user as not having or using such capability.
`Sec. 1202. Integrity of copyright management information
`(a) FALSE COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION- No person shall knowingly and with the intent to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement--
`(1) provide copyright management information that is false, or
`(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management information that is false.
`(b) REMOVAL OR ALTERATION OF COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION- No person shall, without the authority of the copyright owner or the law--
`(1) intentionally remove or alter any copyright management information,
`(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management information knowing that the copyright management information has been removed or altered without authority of the copyright owner or the law, or
`(3) distribute, import for distribution, or publicly perform works, copies of works, or phonorecords, knowing that copyright management information has been removed or altered without authority of the copyright owner or the law,
knowing, or, with respect to civil remedies under section 1203, having reasonable grounds to know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of any right under this title.
`(c) DEFINITION- As used in this section, the term `copyright management information' means any of the following information conveyed in connection with copies or phonorecords of a work or performances or displays of a work, including in digital form, except that such term does not include any personally identifying information about a user of a work or of a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a work:
`(1) The title and other information identifying the work, including the information set forth on a notice of copyright.
`(2) The name of, and other identifying information about, the author of a work.
`(3) The name of, and other identifying information about, the copyright owner of the work, including the information set forth in a notice of copyright.
`(4) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, the name of, and other identifying information about, a performer whose performance is fixed in a work other than an audiovisual work.
`(5) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, in the case of an audiovisual work, the name of, and other identifying information about, a writer, performer, or director who is credited in the audiovisual work.
`(6) Terms and conditions for use of the work.
`(7) Identifying numbers or symbols referring to such information or links to such information.
`(8) Such other information as the Register of Copyrights may prescribe by regulation, except that the Register of Copyrights may not require the provision of any information concerning the user of a copyrighted work.
`(d) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES- This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of an officer, agent, or employee of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or a person acting pursuant to a contract with the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.
`(e) LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY-
`(1) ANALOG TRANSMISSIONS- In the case of an analog transmission, a person who is making transmissions in its capacity as a broadcast station, or as a cable system, or someone who provides programming to such station or system, shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) if--
`(A) avoiding the activity that constitutes such violation is not technically feasible or would create an undue financial hardship on such person; and
`(B) such person did not intend, by engaging in such activity, to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under this title.
`(2) DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS-
`(A) If a digital transmission standard for the placement of copyright management information for a category of works is set in a voluntary, consensus standard-setting process involving a representative cross-section of broadcast stations or cable systems and copyright owners of a category of works that are intended for public performance by such stations or systems, a person identified in paragraph (1) shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect to the particular copyright management information addressed by such standard if--
`(i) the placement of such information by someone other than such person is not in accordance with such standard; and
`(ii) the activity that constitutes such violation is not intended to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under this title.
`(B) Until a digital transmission standard has been set pursuant to subparagraph (A) with respect to the placement of copyright management information for a category or works, a person identified in paragraph (1) shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect to such copyright management information, if the activity that constitutes such violation is not intended to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under this title, and if--
`(i) the transmission of such information by such person would result in a perceptible visual or aural degradation of the digital signal; or
`(ii) the transmission of such information by such person would conflict with--
`(I) an applicable government regulation relating to transmission of information in a digital signal;
`(II) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission of information in a digital signal that was adopted by a voluntary consensus standards body prior to the effective date of this chapter; or
`(III) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission of information in a digital signal that was adopted in a voluntary, consensus standards-setting process open to participation by a representative cross-section of broadcast stations or cable systems and copyright owners of a category of works that are intended for public performance by such stations or systems.
`(3) DEFINITIONS- As used in this subsection--
`(A) the term `broadcast station' has the meaning given that term in section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 153)); and
`(B) the term `cable system' has the meaning given that term in section 602 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 522)).
`Sec. 1203. Civil remedies
`(a) CIVIL ACTIONS- Any person injured by a violation of section 1201 or 1202 may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court for such violation.
`(b) POWERS OF THE COURT- In an action brought under subsection (a), the court--
`(1) may grant temporary and permanent injunctions on such terms as it deems reasonable to prevent or restrain a violation, but in no event shall impose a prior restraint on free speech or the press protected under the 1st amendment to the Constitution;
`(2) at any time while an action is pending, may order the impounding, on such terms as it deems reasonable, of any device or product that is in the custody or control of the alleged violator and that the court has reasonable cause to believe was involved in a violation;
`(3) may award damages under subsection (c);
`(4) in its discretion may allow the recovery of costs by or against any party other than the United States or an officer thereof;
`(5) in its discretion may award reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party; and
`(6) may, as part of a final judgment or decree finding a violation, order the remedial modification or the destruction of any device or product involved in the violation that is in the custody or control of the violator or has been impounded under paragraph (2).
`(1) IN GENERAL- Except as otherwise provided in this title, a person committing a violation of section 1201 or 1202 is liable for either--
`(A) the actual damages and any additional profits of the violator, as provided in paragraph (2), or
`(B) statutory damages, as provided in paragraph (3).
`(2) ACTUAL DAMAGES- The court shall award to the complaining party the actual damages suffered by the party as a result of the violation, and any profits of the violator that are attributable to the violation and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages, if the complaining party elects such damages at any time before final judgment is entered.
`(3) STATUTORY DAMAGES- (A) At any time before final judgment is entered, a complaining party may elect to recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 1201 in the sum of not less than $200 or more than $2,500 per act of circumvention, device, product, component, offer, or performance of service, as the court considers just.
`(B) At any time before final judgment is entered, a complaining party may elect to recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 1202 in the sum of not less than $2,500 or more than $25,000.
`(4) REPEATED VIOLATIONS- In any case in which the injured party sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that a person has violated section 1201 or 1202 within three years after a final judgment was entered against the person for another such violation, the court may increase the award of damages up to triple the amount that would otherwise be awarded, as the court considers just.
`(5) Innocent violations-
`(A) IN GENERAL- The court in its discretion may reduce or remit the total award of damages in any case in which the violator sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that the violator was not aware and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
`(B) NONPROFIT LIBRARY, ARCHIVES, OR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS- In the case of a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution, the court shall remit damages in any case in which the library, archives, or educational institution sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that the library, archives, or educational institution was not aware and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
`Sec. 1204. Criminal offenses and penalties
`(a) IN GENERAL- Any person who violates section 1201 or 1202 willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain--
`(1) shall be fined not more than $500,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, for the first offense; and
`(2) shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both, for any subsequent offense.
`(b) LIMITATION FOR NONPROFIT LIBRARY, ARCHIVES, OR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION- Subsection (a) shall not apply to a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution.
`(c) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS- No criminal proceeding shall be brought under this section unless such proceeding is commenced within five years after the cause of action arose.
`Sec. 1205. Savings clause
`Nothing in this chapter abrogates, diminishes, or weakens the provisions of, nor provides any defense or element of mitigation in a criminal prosecution or civil action under, any Federal or State law that prevents the violation of the privacy of an individual in connection with the individual's use of the Internet.'.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The table of chapters for title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding after the item relating to chapter 11 the following:
1201'.
SEC. 104. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES.
(a) STATEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL POLICY AND OBJECTIVE- It is the sense of the Congress that technological measures that effectively control access to works protected under title 17, United States Code, or that effectively protect a right of a copyright owner under such title play a crucial role in safeguarding the interests of both copyright owners and lawful users of copyrighted works in digital formats, by facilitating lawful uses of such works while protecting the private property interests of holders of rights under title 17, United States Code. Accordingly, the expeditious implementation of such measures, developed by the private sector is a key factor in realizing the full benefits of making available copyrighted works through digital networks, including the benefits set forth in this section.
(b) TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES- The technological measures referred to in subsection (a) shall include, but not be limited to, those which--
(1) enable nonprofit libraries, for nonprofit purposes, to continue to lend to library users copies or phonorecords that such libraries have lawfully acquired, including the lending of such copies or phonorecords in digital formats in a manner that prevents infringement;
(2) effectively protect against the infringement of exclusive rights under title 17, United States Code, and facilitate the exercise of those exclusive rights; and
(3) promote the development and implementation of diverse methods, mechanisms, and arrangements in the marketplace for making available copyrighted works in digital formats which provide opportunities for individual members of the public to make lawful uses of copyrighted works in digital formats.
(c) PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING TECHNOLOGICAL MEASURES- The technological measures whose development and implementation the Congress anticipates include, but are not limited to, those which--
(1) are developed pursuant to a broad consensus in an open, fair, voluntary, and multi-industry process;
(2) are made available on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms; and
(3) do not impose substantial costs or burdens on copyright owners or on manufacturers of hardware or software used in conjunction with copyrighted works in digital formats.
(d) OVERSIGHT AND REPORTING- (1) The Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights shall jointly review the impact of the enactment of section 1201 of title 17, United States Code, on the access of individual users to copyrighted works in digital formats and shall jointly report annually thereon to the Committees on the Judiciary and on Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committees on the Judiciary and on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.
(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall address the following issues:
(A) The status of the development and implementation of technological measures described in this section, including measures that advance the objectives of this section, and the effectiveness of such technological measures in protecting the private property interests of copyright owners under title 17, United States Code.
(B) The degree to which individual lawful users of copyrighted works--
(i) have access to the Internet and digital networks generally;
(ii) are dependent upon such access for their use of copyrighted works;
(iii) have available to them other channels for obtaining and using copyrighted works, other than the Internet and digital networks generally;
(iv) are required to pay copyright owners or intermediaries for each lawful use of copyrighted works in digital formats to which they have access; and
(v) are able to utilize nonprofit libraries to obtain access, through borrowing without payment by the user, to copyrighted works in digital formats.
(C) The degree to which infringement of copyrighted works in digital formats is occurring.
(D) Whether and the extent to which section 1201 of title 17, United States Code, is asserted as a basis for liability in claims brought against persons conducting research and development, including reverse engineering of copyrighted works, and the extent to which such claims constitute a serious impediment to the development and production of competitive goods and services.
(E) The degree to which individual users of copyrighted materials in digital formats are able effectively to protect themselves against the use of technological measures to carry out or facilitate the undisclosed collection and dissemination of personally identifying information concerning the access to and use of such materials by such users.
(F) Such other issues as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights identify as relevant to the impact of the enactment of section 1201 of title 17, United States Code, on the access of individual users to copyrighted works in digital formats.
(3) The first report under this subsection shall be submitted not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and the last such report shall be submitted not later than three years after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(4) The reports under this subsection may include such recommendations for additional legislative action as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights consider advisable in order to further the objectives of this section.
SEC. 105. EVALUATION OF IMPACT OF COPYRIGHT LAW AND AMENDMENTS ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
(a) EVALUATION BY UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE AND REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS- The Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights shall jointly evaluate--
(1) the effects of the amendments made by this title and the development of electronic commerce and associated technology on the operation of sections 109 and 117 of title 17, United States Code; and
(2) the relationship between existing and emergent technology and the operation of sections 109 and 117 of title 17, United States Code.
(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS- The Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, and the Register of Copyrights shall, not later than 24 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to the Congress a joint report on the evaluation conducted under subsection (b), including any legislative recommendations the Under Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the Register may have.
SEC. 106. EFFECTIVE DATE.
(a) IN GENERAL- Subject to subsection (b), this title and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.
(b) AMENDMENTS RELATING TO CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS- (1) The following shall take effect upon the entry into force of the WIPO Copyright Treaty with respect to the United States:
(A) Paragraph (5) of the definition of `international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(a)(4) of this Act.
(B) The amendment made by section 102(a)(6) of this Act.
(C) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(1) of this Act.
(D) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(2) of this Act.
(2) The following shall take effect upon the entry into force of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty with respect to the United States:
(A) Paragraph (6) of the definition of `international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(a)(4) of this Act.
(B) The amendment made by section 102(a)(7) of this Act.
(C) The amendment made by section 102(b)(2) of this Act.
(D) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(1) of this Act.
(E) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(2) of this Act.
(F) The amendments made by section 102(c)(3) of this Act.
TITLE II--ONLINE COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY LIMITATION
SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act'.
SEC. 202. LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL- Chapter 5 of title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding after section 511 the following new section:
`Sec. 512. Limitations on liability relating to material online
`(a) TRANSITORY DIGITAL NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (i), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement of copyright by reason of the provider's transmitting, routing, or providing connections for, material through a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider, or by reason of the intermediate and transient storage of that material in the course of such transmitting, routing, or providing connections, if--
`(1) the transmission of the material was initiated by or at the direction of a person other than the service provider;
`(2) the transmission, routing, provision of connections, or storage is carried out through an automatic technical process without selection of the material by the service provider;
`(3) the service provider does not select the recipients of the material except as an automatic response to the request of another person;
`(4) no copy of the material made by the service provider in the course of such intermediate or transient storage is maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than anticipated recipients, and no such copy is maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to such anticipated recipients for a longer period than is reasonably necessary for the transmission, routing, or provision of connections; and
`(5) the material is transmitted through the system or network without modification of its content.
`(1) LIMITATION ON LIABILITY- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (i), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement of copyright by reason of the intermediate and temporary storage of material on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider in a case in which--
`(A) the material is made available online by a person other than the service provider,
`(B) the material is transmitted from the person described in subparagraph (A) through the system or network to a person other than the person described in subparagraph (A) at the direction of that other person, and
`(C) the storage is carried out through an automatic technical process for the purpose of making the material available to users of the system or network who, after the material is transmitted as described in subparagraph (B), request access to the material from the person described in subparagraph (A),
if the conditions set forth in paragraph (2) are met.
(2) CONDITIONS- The conditions referred to in paragraph (1) are that--
`(A) the material described in paragraph (1) is transmitted to the subsequent users described in paragraph (1)(C) without modification to its content from the manner in which the material was transmitted from the person described in paragraph (1)(A);
`(B) the service provider described in paragraph (1) complies with rules concerning the refreshing, reloading, or other updating of the material when specified by the person making the material available online in accordance with a generally accepted industry standard data communications protocol for the system or network through which that person makes the material available, except that this subparagraph applies only if those rules are not used by the person described in paragraph (1)(A) to prevent or unreasonably impair the intermediate storage to which this subsection applies;
`(C) the service provider does not interfere with the ability of technology associated with the material to return to the person described in paragraph (1)(A) the information that would have been available to that person if the material had been obtained by the subsequent users described in paragraph (1)(C) directly from that person, except that this subparagraph applies only if that technology--
`(i) does not significantly interfere with the performance of the provider's system or network or with the intermediate storage of the material;
`(ii) is consistent with generally accepted industry standard communications protocols; and
`(iii) does not extract information from the provider's system or network other than the information that would have been available to the person described in paragraph (1)(A) if the subsequent users had gained access to the material directly from that person;
`(D) if the person described in paragraph (1)(A) has in effect a condition that a person must meet prior to having access to the material, such as a condition based on payment of a fee or provision of a password or other information, the service provider permits access to the stored material in significant part only to users of its system or network that have met those conditions and only in accordance with those conditions; and
`(E) if the person described in paragraph (1)(A) makes that material available online without the authorization of the copyright owner of the material, the service provider responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing upon notification of claimed infringement as described in subsection (c)(3), except that this subparagraph applies only if--
`(i) the material has previously been removed from the originating site or access to it has been disabled, or a court has ordered that the material be removed from the originating site or that access to the material on the originating site be disabled; and
`(ii) the party giving the notification includes in the notification a statement confirming that the material has been removed from the originating site or access to it has been disabled or that a court has ordered that the material be removed from the originating site or that access to the material on the originating site be disabled.
`(c) INFORMATION RESIDING ON SYSTEMS OR NETWORKS AT DIRECTION OF USERS-
`(1) IN GENERAL- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (i), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement of copyright by reason of the storage at the direction of a user of material that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider, if the service provider--
`(A)(i) does not have actual knowledge that the material or an activity using the material on the system or network is infringing;
`(ii) in the absence of such actual knowledge, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent; or
`(iii) upon obtaining such knowledge or awareness, acts expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material;
`(B) does not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, in a case in which the service provider has the right and ability to control such activity; and
`(C) upon notification of claimed infringement as described in paragraph (4), responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity.
`(2) LIMITATION ON LIABILITY OF NONPROFIT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS- A nonprofit educational institution that is a service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (i), for injunctive or other equitable relief, by reason of the acts or omissions of a faculty member, administrative employee, student, or graduate student, unless such faculty member, administrative employee, student, or graduate student is exercising managerial or operational responsibilities that directly relate to the institution's function as a service provider.
`(3) DESIGNATED AGENT- The limitations on liability established in this subsection apply to a service provider only if the service provider has designated an agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement described in paragraph (4), by making available through its service, including on its website in a location accessible to the public, and by providing to the Copyright Office, substantially the following information:
`(A) the name, address, phone number, and electronic mail address of the agent.
`(B) other contact information which the Register of Copyrights may deem appropriate.
The Register of Copyrights shall maintain a current directory of agents available to the public for inspection, including through the Internet, in both electronic and hard copy formats, and may require payment of a fee by service providers to cover the costs of maintaining the directory.
`(4) ELEMENTS OF NOTIFICATION-
`(A) To be effective under this subsection, a notification of claimed infringement must be a written communication provided to the designated agent of a service provider that includes substantially the following:
`(i) A physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.
`(ii) Identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple copyrighted works at a single online site are covered by a single notification, a representative list of such works at that site.
`(iii) Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate the material.
`(iv) Information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complaining party, such as an address, telephone number, and, if available, an electronic mail address at which the complaining party may be contacted.
`(v) A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law.
`(vi) A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party is authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed.
`(B)(i) Subject to clause (ii), a notification from a copyright owner or from a person authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner that fails to comply substantially with the provisions of subparagraph (A) shall not be considered under paragraph (1)(A) in determining whether a service provider has actual knowledge or is aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent.
`(ii) In a case in which the notification that is provided to the service provider's designated agent fails to comply substantially with all the provisions of subparagraph (A) but substantially complies with clauses (ii), (iii), and (iv) of subparagraph (A), clause (i) of this subparagraph applies only if the service provider promptly attempts to contact the person making the notification or takes other reasonable steps to assist in the receipt of notification that substantially complies with all the provisions of subparagraph (A).
`(d) INFORMATION LOCATION TOOLS- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (i), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement of copyright by reason of the provider referring or linking users to an online location containing infringing material or infringing activity, by using information location tools, including a directory, index, reference, pointer, or hypertext link, if the service provider--
`(1)(A) does not have actual knowledge that the material or activity is infringing;
`(B) in the absence of such actual knowledge, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent; or
`(C) upon obtaining such knowledge or awareness, acts expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material;
`(2) does not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, in a case in which the service provider has the right and ability to control such activity; and
`(3) upon notification of claimed infringement as described in subsection (c)(4), responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity, except that, for purposes of this paragraph, the information described in subsection (c)(4)(A)(iii) shall be identification of the reference or link, to material or activity claimed to be infringing, that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate that reference or link.
`(e) MISREPRESENTATIONS- Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under this section--
`(1) that material or activity is infringing, or
`(2) that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification,
shall be liable for any damages, including costs and attorneys' fees, incurred by the alleged infringer, by any copyright owner or copyright owner's authorized licensee, or by a service provider, who is injured by such misrepresentation, as the result of the service provider relying upon such misrepresentation in removing or disabling access to the material or activity claimed to be infringing, or in replacing the removed material or ceasing to disable access to it.
`(f) REPLACEMENT OF REMOVED OR DISABLED MATERIAL AND LIMITATION ON OTHER LIABILITY-
`(1) NO LIABILITY FOR TAKING DOWN GENERALLY- Subject to paragraph (2), a service provider shall not be liable to any person for any claim based on the service provider's good faith disabling of access to, or removal of, material or activity claimed to be infringing or based on facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent, regardless of whether the material or activity is ultimately determined to be infringing.
`(2) EXCEPTION- Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to material residing at the direction of a subscriber of the service provider on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider that is removed, or to which access is disabled by the service provider, pursuant to a notice provided under subsection (c)(1)(C), unless the service provider--
`(A) takes reasonable steps promptly to notify the subscriber that it has removed or disabled access to the material;
`(B) upon receipt of a counter notification described in paragraph (3), promptly provides the person who provided the notification under subsection (c)(1)(C) with a copy of the counter notification, and informs that person that it will replace the removed material or cease disabling access to it in 10 business days; and
`(C) replaces the removed material and ceases disabling access to it not less than 10, nor more than 14, business days following receipt of the counter notice, unless its designated agent first receives notice from the person who submitted the notification under subsection (c)(1)(C) that such person has filed an action seeking a court order to restrain the subscriber from engaging in infringing activity relating to the material on the service provider's system or network.
`(3) CONTENTS OF COUNTER NOTIFICATION- To be effective under this subsection, a counter notification must be a written communication provided to the service provider's designated agent that includes substantially the following:
`(A) A physical or electronic signature of the subscriber.
`(B) Identification of the material that has been removed or to which access has been disabled and the location at which the material appeared before it was removed or access to it was disabled.
`(C) A statement under penalty of perjury that the subscriber has a good faith belief that the material was removed or disabled as a result of mistake or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled.
`(D) The subscriber's name, address, and telephone number, and a statement that the subscriber consents to the jurisdiction of Federal District Court for the judicial district in which the address is located, or if the subscriber's address is outside of the United States, for any judicial district in which the service provider may be found, and that the subscriber will accept service of process from the person who provided notification under subsection (c)(1)(C) or an agent of such person.
`(4) LIMITATION ON OTHER LIABILITY- A service provider's compliance with paragraph (2) shall not subject the service provider to liability for copyright infringement with respect to the material identified in the notice provided under subsection (c)(1)(C).
`(g) SUBPOENA TO IDENTIFY INFRINGER-
`(1) REQUEST- A copyright owner or a person authorized to act on the owner's behalf may request the clerk of any United States district court to issue a subpoena to a service provider for identification of an alleged infringer in accordance with this subsection.
`(2) CONTENTS OF REQUEST- The request may be made by filing with the clerk--
`(A) a copy of a notification described in subsection (c)(4)(A);
`(B) a proposed subpoena; and
`(C) a sworn declaration to the effect that the purpose for which the subpoena is sought is to obtain the identity of an alleged infringer and that such information will only be used for the purpose of protecting rights under this title.
`(3) CONTENTS OF SUBPOENA- The subpoena shall authorize and order the service provider receiving the notification and the subpoena to expeditiously disclose to the copyright owner or person authorized by the copyright owner information sufficient to identify the alleged infringer of the material described in the notification to the extent such information is available to the service provider.
`(4) BASIS FOR GRANTING SUBPOENA- If the notification filed satisfies the provisions of subsection (c)(4)(A), the proposed subpoena is in proper form, and the accompanying declaration is properly executed, the clerk shall expeditiously issue and sign the proposed subpoena and return it to the requester for delivery to the service provider.
`(5) ACTIONS OF SERVICE PROVIDER RECEIVING SUBPOENA- Upon receipt of the issued subpoena, either accompanying or subsequent to the receipt of a notification described in subsection (c)(4)(A), the service provider shall expeditiously disclose to the copyright owner or person authorized by the copyright owner the information required by the subpoena, notwithstanding any other provision of law and regardless of whether the service provider responds to the notification.
`(6) RULES APPLICABLE TO SUBPOENA- Unless otherwise provided by this section or by applicable rules of the court, the procedure for issuance and delivery of the subpoena, and the remedies for noncompliance with the subpoena, shall be governed to the greatest extent practicable by those provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governing the issuance, service, and enforcement of a subpoena duces tecum.
`(h) CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY-
`(1) ACCOMMODATION OF TECHNOLOGY- The limitations on liability established by this section shall apply to a service provider only if the service provider--
`(A) has adopted and reasonably implemented, and informs subscribers and account holders of the service provider's system or network of, a policy that provides for the termination in appropriate circumstances of subscribers and account holders of the service provider's system or network who are repeat infringers; and
`(B) accommodates and does not interfere with standard technical measures.
`(2) DEFINITION- As used in this subsection, the term `standard technical measures' means technical measures that are used by copyright owners to identify or protect copyrighted works and--
`(A) have been developed pursuant to a broad consensus of copyright owners and service providers in an open, fair, voluntary, multi-industry standards process;
`(B) are available to any person on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms; and
`(C) do not impose substantial costs on service providers or substantial burdens on their systems or networks.
`(i) INJUNCTIONS- The following rules shall apply in the case of any application for an injunction under section 502 against a service provider that is not subject to monetary remedies under this section:
`(1) SCOPE OF RELIEF- (A) With respect to conduct other than that which qualifies for the limitation on remedies set forth in subsection (a), the court may grant injunctive relief with respect to a service provider only in one or more of the following forms:
`(i) An order restraining the service provider from providing access to infringing material or activity residing at a particular online site on the provider's system or network.
`(ii) An order restraining the service provider from providing access to a subscriber or account holder of the service provider's system or network who is engaging in infringing activity and is identified in the order, by terminating the accounts of the subscriber or account holder that are specified in the order.
`(iii) Such other injunctive relief as the court may consider necessary to prevent or restrain infringement of copyrighted material specified in the order of the court at a particular online location, if such relief is the least burdensome to the service provider among the forms of relief comparably effective for that purpose.
`(B) If the service provider qualifies for the limitation on remedies described in subsection (a), the court may only grant injunctive relief in one or both of the following forms:
`(i) An order restraining the service provider from providing access to a subscriber or account holder of the service provider's system or network who is using the provider's service to engage in infringing activity and is identified in the order, by terminating the accounts of the subscriber or account holder that are specified in the order.
`(ii) An order restraining the service provider from providing access, by taking reasonable steps specified in the order to block access, to a specific, identified, online location outside the United States.
`(2) CONSIDERATIONS- The court, in considering the relevant criteria for injunctive relief under applicable law, shall consider--
`(A) whether such an injunction, either alone or in combination with other such injunctions issued against the same service provider under this subsection, would significantly burden either the provider or the operation of the provider's system or network;
`(B) the magnitude of the harm likely to be suffered by the copyright owner in the digital network environment if steps are not taken to prevent or restrain the infringement;
`(C) whether implementation of such an injunction would be technically feasible and effective, and would not interfere with access to noninfringing material at other online locations; and
`(D) whether other less burdensome and comparably effective means of preventing or restraining access to the infringing material are available.
`(3) NOTICE AND EX PARTE ORDERS- Injunctive relief under this subsection shall be available only after notice to the service provider and an opportunity for the service provider to appear are provided, except for orders ensuring the preservation of evidence or other orders having no material adverse effect on the operation of the service provider's communications network.
`(1) SERVICE PROVIDER- (A) As used in subsection (a), the term `service provider' means an entity offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user's choosing, without modification to the content of the material as sent or received.
`(B) As used in this section, other than subsection (a), the term `service provider' means a provider of online services or network access, or the operator of facilities therefor, and includes an entity described in subparagraph (A).
`(2) MONETARY RELIEF- As used in this section, the term `monetary relief' means damages, costs, attorneys' fees, and any other form of monetary payment.
`(k) OTHER DEFENSES NOT AFFECTED- The failure of a service provider's conduct to qualify for limitation of liability under this section shall not bear adversely upon the consideration of a defense by the service provider that the service provider's conduct is not infringing under this title or any other defense.
`(l) PROTECTION OF PRIVACY- Nothing in this section shall be construed to condition the applicability of subsections (a) through (d) on--
`(1) a service provider monitoring its service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating infringing activity, except to the extent consistent with a standard technical measure complying with the provisions of subsection (h); or
`(2) a service provider gaining access to, removing, or disabling access to material in cases in which such conduct is prohibited by law.
`(m) CONSTRUCTION- Subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) describe separate and distinct functions for purposes of applying this section. Whether a service provider qualifies for the limitation on liability in any one of those subsections shall be based solely on the criteria in that subsection, and shall not affect a determination of whether that service provider qualifies for the limitations on liability under any other such subsection.'.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The table of sections for chapter 5 of title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
`512. Limitations on liability relating to material online.'.
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE- The amendments made by this section take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.
SEC. 203. EFFECTIVE DATE.
This title and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.
TITLE III-COMPUTER MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR COPYRIGHT EXEMPTION
SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act'.
SEC. 302. LIMITATIONS ON EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS; COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
Section 117 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by striking `Notwithstanding' and inserting the following:
`(a) MAKING OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION BY OWNER OF COPY- Notwithstanding';
(2) by striking `Any exact' and inserting the following:
`(b) LEASE, SALE, OR OTHER TRANSFER OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION- Any exact'; and
(3) by adding at the end the following:
`(c) MACHINE MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR- Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner or lessee of a machine to make or authorize the making of a copy of a computer program if such copy is made solely by virtue of the activation of a machine that lawfully contains an authorized copy of the computer program, for purposes only of maintenance or repair of that machine, if--
`(1) such new copy is used in no other manner and is destroyed immediately after the maintenance or repair is completed; and
`(2) with respect to any computer program or part thereof that is not necessary for that machine to be activated, such program or part thereof is not accessed or used other than to make such new copy by virtue of the activation of the machine.
`(d) DEFINITIONS- For purposes of this section--
`(1) the `maintenance' of a machine is the servicing of the machine in order to make it work in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine; and
`(2) the `repair' of a machine is the restoring of the machine to the state of working in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine.'.
TITLE IV--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Subtitle A--Establishment of the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy
SEC. 401. UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY POLICY.
(a) APPOINTMENT- There shall be within the Department of Commerce an Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, at level II of the Executive Schedule. On or after the effective date of this subtitle, the President may designate an individual to serve as the Acting Under Secretary until the date on which an Under Secretary qualifies under this subsection.
(b) DUTIES- The Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, shall perform the following functions with respect to intellectual property policy:
(1) In coordination with the Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, promote exports of goods and services of the United States industries that rely on intellectual property.
(2) Advise the President, through the Secretary of Commerce, on national and certain international issues relating to intellectual property policy, including issues in the areas of patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
(3) Advise Federal departments and agencies on matters of intellectual property protection in other countries.
(4) Provide guidance, as appropriate, with respect to proposals by agencies to assist foreign governments and international intergovernmental organizations on matters of intellectual property protection.
(5) Conduct programs and studies related to the effectiveness of intellectual property protection throughout the world.
(6) Advise the Secretary of Commerce on programs and studies relating to intellectual property policy that are conducted, or authorized to be conducted, cooperatively with foreign patent and trademark offices and international intergovernmental organizations.
(7) In coordination with the Department of State, conduct programs and studies cooperatively with foreign intellectual property offices and international intergovernmental organizations.
(c) DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARIES- To assist the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, the Under Secretary shall appoint a Deputy Under Secretary for Patent Policy and a Deputy Under Secretary for Trademark Policy, as members of the Senior Executive Service in accordance with the provisions of title 5, United States Code. The Deputy Under Secretaries shall perform such duties and functions as the Under Secretary shall prescribe.
(d) COMPENSATION- Section 5313 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: `Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy.'
(e) FUNDING- Funds available to the Patent and Trademark Office shall be made available for all expenses of the Office of the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Policy, subject to prior approval in appropriations Acts. Amounts made available under this subsection shall not exceed 2 percent of the projected annual revenues of the Patent and Trademark Office from fees for services and goods of that Office. The Secretary of Commerce shall determine the budget requirements of the Office of the Under Secretary for Intellectual Property Policy.
(f) CONSULTATION- In connection with the performance of his or her duties under this section, the Under Secretary shall, on appropriate matters, consult with the Register of Copyrights.
SEC. 402. RELATIONSHIP WITH EXISTING AUTHORITIES.
(a) NO DEROGATION- Nothing in section 401 shall derogate from the duties of the United States Trade Representative or from the duties of the Secretary of State. In addition, nothing in this subtitle shall derogate from the duties and functions of the Register of Copyrights or otherwise alter current authorities relating to copyright matters.
(b) CLARIFICATION OF AUTHORITY OF THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE- Section 701 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by redesignating subsections (b) through (e) as subsections (c) through (f), respectively; and
(2) by inserting after subsection (a) the following:
`(b) In addition to the functions and duties set out elsewhere in this chapter, the Register of Copyrights shall perform the following functions:
`(1) Advise Congress on national and international issues relating to copyright, other matters arising under chapters 9, 12, 13, and 14 of this title, and related matters.
`(2) Provide information and assistance to Federal departments and agencies and the Judiciary on national and international issues relating to copyright, other matters arising under chapters 9, 12, 13, and 14 of this title, and related matters.
`(3) Participate in meetings of international intergovernmental organizations and meetings with foreign government officials relating to copyright, other matters arising under chapters 9, 12, 13, and 14 of this title, and related matters, including as a member of United States delegations as authorized by the appropriate Executive Branch authority.
`(4) Conduct studies and programs regarding copyright, other matters arising under chapters 9, 12, 13, and 14 of this title, and related matters, the administration of the Copyright Office, or any function vested in the Copyright Office by law, including educational programs conducted cooperatively with foreign intellectual property offices and international intergovernmental organizations.
`(5) Perform such other functions as Congress may direct, or as may be appropriate in furtherance of the functions and duties specifically set forth in this title.'
Subtitle B--Related Provisions
SEC. 411. EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS.
Section 112(a) of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by redesignating paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) as subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), respectively;
(2) by inserting `(1)' after `(a)'; and
(3) by inserting after `114(a),' the following: `or for a transmitting organization that is a broadcast radio or television station licensed as such by the Federal Communications Commission that broadcasts a performance of a sound recording in a digital format on a nonsubscription basis,'; and
(4) by adding at the end the following:
`(2) In a case in which a transmitting organization entitled to make a copy or phonorecord under paragraph (1) in connection with the transmission to the public of a performance or display of a work is prevented from making such copy or phonorecord by reason of the application by the copyright owner of technical measures that prevent the reproduction of the work, the copyright owner shall make available to the transmitting organization the necessary means for permitting the making of such copy or phonorecord as permitted under that paragraph, if it is technologically feasible and economically reasonable for the copyright owner to do so. If the copyright owner fails to do so in a timely manner in light of the transmitting organization's reasonable business requirements, the transmitting organization shall not be liable for a violation of section 1201(a)(1) of this title for engaging in such activities as are necessary to make such copies or phonorecords as permitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.'.
SEC. 412. LIMITATIONS ON EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS; DISTANCE EDUCATION.
(a) RECOMMENDATIONS BY REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS- Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with representatives of copyright owners, nonprofit educational institutions, and nonprofit libraries and archives, shall submit to the Congress recommendations on how to promote distance education through digital technologies, including interactive digital networks, while maintaining an appropriate balance between the rights of copyright owners and the needs of users of copyrighted works. Such recommendations shall include any legislation the Register of Copyrights considers appropriate to achieve the objective described in the preceding sentence.
(b) FACTORS- In formulating recommendations under subsection (a), the Register of Copyrights shall consider--
(1) the need for an exemption from exclusive rights of copyright owners for distance education through digital networks;
(2) the categories of works to be included under any distance education exemption;
(3) the extent of appropriate quantitative limitations on the portions of works that may be used under any distance education exemption;
(4) the parties who should be entitled to the benefits of any distance education exemption;
(5) the parties who should be designated as eligible recipients of distance education materials under any distance education exemption;
(6) whether and what types of technological measures can or should be employed to safeguard against unauthorized access to, and use or retention of, copyrighted materials as a condition of eligibility for any distance education exemption, including, in light of developing technological capabilities, the exemption set out in section 110(2) of title 17, United States Code;
(7) the extent to which the availability of licenses for the use of copyrighted works in distance education through interactive digital networks should be considered in assessing eligibility for any distance education exemption; and
(8) such other issues relating to distance education through interactive digital networks that the Register considers appropriate.
SEC. 413. EXEMPTION FOR LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES.
Section 108 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(A) by striking `Notwithstanding' and inserting `Except as otherwise provided in this title and notwithstanding';
(B) by inserting after `no more than one copy or phonorecord of a work' the following: `, except as provided in subsections (b) and (c)'; and
(C) in paragraph (3) by inserting after `copyright' the following: `that appears on the copy or phonorecord that is reproduced under the provisions of this section, or includes a legend stating that the work may be protected by copyright if no such notice can be found on the copy or phonorecord that is reproduced under the provisions of this section';
(A) by striking `a copy or phonorecord' and inserting `three copies or phonorecords';
(B) by striking `in facsimile form'; and
(C) by striking `if the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the collections of the library or archives.' and inserting `if--
`(1) the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the collections of the library or archives; and
`(2) any such copy or phonorecord that is reproduced in digital format is not otherwise distributed in that format and is not made available to the public in that format outside the premises of the library or archives.'; and
(A) by striking `a copy or phonorecord' and inserting `three copies or phonorecords';
(B) by striking `in facsimile form';
(C) by inserting `or if the existing format in which the work is stored has become obsolete,' after `stolen,'; and
(D) by striking `if the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price.' and inserting `if--
`(1) the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price; and
`(2) any such copy or phonorecord that is reproduced in digital format is not made available to the public in that format outside the premises of the library or archives in lawful possession of such copy.'; and
(E) by adding at the end the following:
`For purposes of this subsection, a format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or device necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace.'.
SEC. 414. FAIR USE.
Section 107 of title 17, United States Code, is amended in the first sentence by striking `, including such use' and all that follows through `section,'.
SEC. 415. SCOPE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN SOUND RECORDINGS; EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS.
(a) SCOPE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN SOUND RECORDINGS- Section 114 of title 17, United States Code, is amended as follows:
(1) Subsection (d) is amended--
(A) by striking subparagraph (A) and inserting the following:
`(A) a nonsubscription broadcast transmission;'; and
(B) by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows:
`(2) STATUTORY LICENSING OF CERTAIN TRANSMISSIONS- The performance of a sound recording publicly by means of a subscription digital audio transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) or an eligible nonsubscription digital audio transmission shall be subject to statutory licensing, in accordance with subsection (f) if--
`(A) in the case of a subscription transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) or an eligible nonsubscription transmission--
`(i) the transmission is not part of an interactive service;
`(ii) except in the case of a transmission to a business establishment, the transmitting entity does not automatically and intentionally cause any device receiving the transmission to switch from one program channel to another; and
`(iii) except as provided in section 1002(e), the transmission of the sound recording is accompanied by the information encoded in that sound recording, if any, by or under the authority of the copyright owner of that sound recording, that identifies the title of the sound recording, the featured recording artist who performs on the sound recording, and related information, including information concerning the underlying musical work and its writer;
`(B) in the case of a subscription transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) by a preexisting subscription service in the same transmission medium used by such service on July 31, 1998--
`(i) the transmission does not exceed the sound recording performance complement;
`(ii) the transmitting entity does not cause to be published by means of an advance program schedule or prior announcement the titles of the specific sound recordings or phonorecords embodying such sound recordings to be transmitted; and
`(C) in the case of an eligible nonsubscription transmission or a subscription transmission not exempt under paragraph (1) by a new subscription service or by a preexisting subscription service other than in the same transmission medium used by such service on July 31, 1998--
`(i) the transmission does not exceed the sound recording performance complement, except that this requirement shall not apply in the case of a retransmission of a broadcast transmission if the retransmission is made by a transmitting entity that does not have the right or ability to control the programming of the broadcast station making the broadcast transmission, unless the broadcast station makes broadcast transmissions--
`(I) in digital format that regularly exceed the sound recording performance complement; or
`(II) in analog format, a substantial portion of which, on a weekly basis, exceed the sound recording performance complement;
Provided, however, That the sound recording copyright owner or its representative has notified the transmitting entity in writing that broadcast transmissions of the copyright owner's sound recordings exceed the sound recording complement as provided in this clause;
`(ii) the transmitting entity does not cause to be published, or induce or facilitate the publication, by means of an advance program schedule or prior announcement, the titles of the specific sound recordings to be transmitted, the phonorecords embodying such sound recordings, or, other than for illustrative purposes, the names of the featured recording artists, except that this clause does not disqualify a transmitting entity that makes a prior announcement that a particular artist will be featured within an unspecified future time period and, in any 1-hour period, no more than 3 such announcements are made with respect to no more than 2 artists in each announcement;
`(iii) the transmission is not part of--
`(I) an archived program of less than 5 hours duration;
`(II) an archived program of greater than 5 hours duration that is made available for a period exceeding 2 weeks;
`(III) a continuous program which is of less than 3 hours duration; or
`(IV) a program, other than an archived or continuous program, that is transmitted at a scheduled time more than 3 additional times in a 2-week period following the first transmission of the program and for an additional 2-week period more than 1 month following the end of the first such 2-week period;
`(iv) the transmitting entity does not knowingly perform the sound recording in a manner that is likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, or to deceive, as to the affiliation, connection, or association of the copyright owner or featured recording artist with the transmitting entity or a particular product or service advertised by the transmitting entity, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval by the copyright owner or featured recording artist of the activities of the transmitting entity other than the performance of the sound recording itself;
`(v) the transmitting entity cooperates to prevent, to the extent feasible without imposing substantial costs or burdens, a transmission recipient or any other person or entity from automatically scanning the transmitting entity's transmissions together with transmissions by other transmitting entities to select a particular sound recording to be transmitted to the transmission recipient;
`(vi) the transmitting entity takes reasonable steps to ensure, to the extent within its control, that the transmission recipient cannot make a phonorecord in a digital format of the transmission, and the transmitting entity takes no affirmative steps to cause or induce the making of a phonorecord by the transmission recipient;
`(vii) phonorecords of the sound recording have been distributed to the public in the United States under the authority of the copyright owner or the copyright owner authorizes the transmitting entity to transmit the sound recording, and the transmitting entity makes the transmission from a phonorecord lawfully made under this title;
`(viii) the transmitting entity accommodates and does not interfere with the transmission of technical measures that are widely used by sound recording copyright owners to identify or protect copyrighted works, and that are technically feasible of being transmitted by the transmitting entity without imposing substantial costs on the transmitting entity or resulting in perceptible aural or visual degradation of the digital signal; and
`(ix) in the case of an eligible nonsubscription transmission, the transmitting entity identifies the sound recording during, but not before, the time it is performed, including the title of the sound recording, the title of the phonorecord embodying such sound recording, if any, and the featured recording artist in a manner to permit it to be perceived by the transmission recipient, except that the obligation in this clause shall not take effect until 1 year after the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.'.
(2) Subsection (f) is amended to read as follows:
(i) in the first sentence--
(I) by striking `(1) No' and inserting `(1)(A) No';
(II) by striking `the activities' and inserting `subscription transmissions by preexisting subscription services'; and
(III) by striking `2000' and inserting `2001'; and
(ii) by amending the third sentence to read as follows: `Any copyright owners of sound recordings or any preexisting subscription services may submit to the Librarian of Congress licenses covering such subscriptions transmissions with respect to such sound recordings.'; and
(B) by striking paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) and inserting the following:
`(B) In the absence of license agreements negotiated under subparagraph (A), during the 60-day period commencing 6 months after publication of the notice specified in subparagraph (A), and upon the filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1), the Librarian of Congress shall, pursuant to chapter 8, convene a copyright arbitration royalty panel to determine and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of rates and terms which, subject to paragraph (3), shall be binding on all copyright owners of sound recordings and preexisting subscription services. In establishing rates and terms for preexisting subscription services, in addition to the objectives set forth in section 801(b)(1), the copyright arbitration royalty panel may consider the rates and terms for comparable types of subscription digital audio transmission services and comparable circumstances under voluntary license agreements negotiated as provided in subparagraph (A).
`(C)(i) Publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings as specified in subparagraph (A) shall be repeated, in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe--
`(I) no later than 30 days after a petition is filed by any copyright owners of sound recordings or any preexisting subscription services indicating that a new type of subscription digital audio transmission service on which sound recordings are performed is or is about to become operational; and
`(II) in the first week of January, 2001, and at 5-year intervals thereafter.
`(ii) The procedures specified in subparagraph (B) shall be repeated, in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe, upon filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1) during a 60-day period commencing--
`(I) 6 months after publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings under subparagraph (A) pursuant to a petition under clause (i)(I) of this subparagraph; or
`(II) on July 1, 2001, and at 5-year intervals thereafter.
`(iii) The procedures specified in subparagraph (B) shall be concluded in accordance with section 802.
`(2)(A) No later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Librarian of Congress shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings for the purpose of determining reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments for eligible nonsubscription transmissions and transmissions by new subscription services specified by subsection (d)(2) during the period beginning on the date of the enactment of such Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other date as the parties may agree. Such rates and terms shall distinguish among the different types of eligible nonsubscription transmission services then in operation and shall include a minimum fee for each such type of service. Any copyright owners of sound recordings or any entities performing sound recordings affected by this section may submit to the Librarian of Congress licenses covering such eligible nonsubscription transmissions with respect to such sound recordings. The parties to each negotiation proceeding shall bear their own costs.
`(B) In the absence of license agreements negotiated under subparagraph (A), during the 60-day period commencing 6 months after publication of the notice specified in subparagraph (A), and upon the filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1), the Librarian of Congress shall, pursuant to chapter 8, convene a copyright arbitration royalty panel to determine and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of rates and terms which, subject to paragraph (3), shall be binding on all copyright owners of sound recordings and entities performing sound recordings during the period beginning on the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other date as the parties may agree. Such rates and terms shall distinguish among the different types of eligible nonsubscription, transmission services then in operation and shall include a minimum fee for each such type of service, such differences to be based on criteria, including, but not limited to, the quantity and nature of the use of sound recordings and the degree to which use of the service may substitute for or may promote the purchase of phonorecords by consumers. In establishing rates and terms for transmissions by eligible nonsubscription services and new subscription services, the copyright arbitration royalty panel shall establish rates and terms that most clearly represent the rates and terms that would have been negotiated in the marketplace between a willing buyer and a willing seller. In determining such rates and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty panel shall base its decision on economic, competitive and programming information presented by the parties, including--
`(i) whether use of the service may substitute for or may promote the sales of phonorecords or otherwise may interfere with or may enhance the sound recording copyright owner's other streams of revenue from its sound recordings; and
`(ii) the relative roles of the copyright owner and the copyright user in the copyrighted work and the service made available to the public with respect to relative creative contribution, technological contribution, capital investment, cost, and risk.
`(C)(i) Publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings as specified in subparagraph (A) shall be repeated in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe--
`(I) no later than 30 days after a petition if filed by any copyright owners of sound recordings or any eligible nonsubscription service or new subscription service indicating that a new type of eligible nonsubscription service or new subscription service on which sound recordings are performed is or is about to become operational; and
`(II) in the first week of January 2000, and at 2-year intervals thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the repeating of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with subparagraph (A).
`(ii) The procedures specified in subparagraph (B) shall be repeated, in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe, upon filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1) during a 60-day period commencing--
`(I) 6 months after publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings under subparagraph (A) pursuant to a petition under clause (i)(I); or
`(II) on July 1, 2000, and at 2-year intervals thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the repeating of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with subparagraph (A).
`(iii) The procedures specified in subparagraph (B) shall be concluded in accordance with section 802.
`(3) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between 1 or more copyright owners of sound recordings and 1 or more entities performing sound recordings shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by a copyright arbitration royalty panel or decision by the Librarian of Congress.
`(4)(A) The Librarian of Congress shall also establish requirements by which copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of their sound recordings under this section, and under which records of such use shall be kept and made available by entities performing sound recordings.
`(B) Any person who wishes to perform a sound recording publicly by means of a transmission eligible for statutory licensing under this subsection may do so without infringing the exclusive right of the copyright owner of the sound recording--
`(i) by complying with such notice requirements as the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe by regulation and by paying royalty fees in accordance with this subsection; or
`(ii) if such royalty fees have not been set, by agreeing to pay such royalty fees as shall be determined in accordance with this subsection.
`(C) Any royalty payments in arrears shall be made on or before the twentieth day of the month next succeeding the month in which the royalty fees are set.'.
(3) Subsection (g) is amended--
(A) in the subsection heading by striking `SUBSCRIPTION';
(B) in paragraph (1) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking `subscription transmission licensed' and inserting `transmission licensed under a statutory license';
(C) in subparagraphs (A) and (B) by striking `subscription'; and
(D) in paragraph (2) by striking `subscription'.
(4) Subsection (j) is amended--
(A) by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), (5), (6), (7), and (8) as paragraphs (3), (5), (9), (11), (12), and (13), respectively;
(B) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following:
`(2) An `archived program' is a prerecorded program that is available repeatedly on demand and that is performed in the same predetermined order from the beginning.';
(C) by inserting after paragraph (3), as so redesignated, the following:
`(4) A `continuous program' is a prerecorded program that is continuously performed in the same predetermined order and the point in the program at which it is accessed is beyond the control of the transmission recipient.';
(D) by inserting after paragraph (5), as so redesignated, the following:
`(6) An `eligible nonsubscription transmission' is a noninteractive, nonsubscription transmission made as part of a service that provides audio programming consisting, in whole or in part, of performances of sound recordings, including retransmissions of broadcast transmissions, if the primary purpose of the service is to provide to the public such audio or other entertainment programming, and the primary purpose of the service is not to sell, advertise, or promote particular products or services other than sound recordings, live concerts, or other music-related events.
`(7) An `interactive service' is one that enables a member of the public to receive a transmission of a program specially created for the recipient, or on request, a transmission of a particular sound recording, whether or not as part of a program, which is selected by or on behalf of the recipient. The ability of individuals to request that particular sound recordings be performed for reception by the public at large does not make a service interactive, if the programming on each channel of the service does not substantially consist of sound recordings that are performed within 1 hour of the request or at a time designated by either the transmitting entity or the individual making such request. If an entity offers both interactive and noninteractive services (either concurrently or at different times), the noninteractive component shall not be treated as part of an interactive service.
`(8) A `new subscription service' is a service that performs sound recordings by means of subscription digital audio transmissions and that is not a preexisting subscription service.';
(E) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the following:
`(10) A `preexisting subscription service' is a service that performs sound recordings by means of noninteractive audio-only subscription digital audio transmissions, which was in existence and was making such transmission to the public for a fee on or before July 31, 1998.'; and
(F) by adding at the end the following:
`(14) A `transmission' is either an initial transmission or a retransmission.'.
(b) EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS- Section 112 of title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(f) STATUTORY LICENSE- (1) An ephemeral recording of a sound recording by a transmitting organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of that sound recording by means of a digital audio transmission under a statutory license in accordance with section 114(f) or an exemption provided in section 114(d)(1)(B) or (C) is subject to statutory licensing under the conditions specified by this subsection.
`(2) A statutory license under this subsection grants a transmitting organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of a sound recording by means of a digital audio transmission under a statutory license in accordance with section 114(f) or an exemption provided in section 114(d)(1)(B) or (C) the privilege of making no more than 1 phonorecord of the sound recording (unless the terms and conditions of the statutory license allow for more), if--
`(A) the phonorecord is retained and used solely by the transmitting organization that made it, and no further phonorecords are reproduced from it; and
`(B) the phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting organization's own transmissions in the United States under a statutory license in accordance with section 114(f) or an exemption provided in section 114(d)(1)(B) or (C);
`(C) unless preserved exclusively for purposes of archival preservation, the phonorecord is destroyed within 6 months from the date the sound recording was first transmitted to the public using the phonorecord; and
`(D) phonorecords of the sound recording have been distributed to the public in the United States under the authority of the copyright owner or the copyright owner authorizes the transmitting entity to transmit the sound recording, and the transmitting entity makes the transmission from a phonorecord lawfully made and acquired under this title.
`(3) Notwithstanding any provision of the antitrust laws, any copyright owners of sound recordings and any transmitting organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this subsection may negotiate and agree upon royalty rates and license terms and conditions for ephemeral recordings of such sound recordings and the proportionate division of fees paid among copyright owners, and may designate common agents to negotiate, agree to, pay, or receive such royalty payments.
`(4) No later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Librarian of Congress shall cause notice to be published in the Federal Register of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings for the purpose of determining reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments for the activities specified by paragraph (2) of this subsection during the period beginning on the date of the enactment of such Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other date as the parties may agree. Such rates shall include a minimum fee for each type of service. Any copyright owners of sound recordings or any transmitting organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this subsection may submit to the Librarian of Congress licenses covering such activities with respect to such sound recordings. The parties to each negotiation proceeding shall bear their own costs.
`(5) In the absence of license agreements negotiated under paragraph (3), during the 60-day period commencing 6 months after publication of the notice specified in paragraph (4), and upon the filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1), the Librarian of Congress shall, pursuant to chapter 8, convene a copyright arbitration royalty panel to determine and publish in the Federal Register a schedule of reasonable rates and terms which, subject to paragraph (6), shall be binding on all copyright owners of sound recordings and transmitting organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this subsection during the period beginning on the date of the enactment of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and ending on December 31, 2000, or such other date as the parties may agree. Such rates shall include a minimum fee for each type of service. The copyright arbitration royalty panel shall establish rates that most clearly represent the fees that would have been negotiated in the marketplace between a willing buyer and a willing seller. In determining such rates and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty panel shall base its decision on economic, competitive, and programming information presented by the parties, including--
`(A) whether use of the service may substitute for or may promote the sales of phonorecords or otherwise interferes with or enhances the copyright owner's traditional streams of revenue;
`(B) the relative rules of the copyright owner and the copyright user in the copyrighted work and the service made available to the public with respect to relative creative contribution, technological contribution, capital investment, cost, and risk.
In establishing such rates and terms, the copyright arbitration royalty panel may consider the rates and terms under voluntary license agreements negotiated as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4). The Librarian of Congress shall also establish requirements by which copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of their sound recordings under this section, and under which records of such use shall be kept and made available by transmitting organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this subsection.
`(6) License agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between 1 or more copyright owners of sound recordings and 1 or more transmitting organizations entitled to obtain a statutory license under this subsection shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by a copyright arbitration royalty panel or decision by the Librarian of Congress.
`(7) Publication of a notice of the initiation of voluntary negotiation proceedings as specified in paragraph (4) shall be repeated, in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe, in the first week of January 2000, and at 2-year intervals thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the repeating of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with paragraph (4). The procedures specified in paragraph (5) shall be repeated, in accordance with regulations that the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe, upon filing of a petition in accordance with section 803(a)(1) during a 60-day period commencing on July 1, 2000, and at 2-year intervals thereafter, except to the extent that different years for the repeating of such proceedings may be determined in accordance with paragraph (4). The procedures specified in paragraph (5) shall be concluded in accordance with section 802.
`(8)(A) Any person who wishes to make an ephemeral recording of a sound recording under a statutory license in accordance with this subsection may do so without infringing the exclusive right of the copyright owner of the sound recording under section 106(1)--
`(i) by complying with such notice requirements as the Librarian of Congress shall prescribe by regulation and by paying royalty fees in accordance with this subsection; or
`(ii) if such royalty fees have not been set, by agreeing to pay such royalty fees as shall be determined in accordance with this subsection.
`(B) Any royalty payments in arrears shall be made on or before the 20th day of the month next succeeding the month in which the royalty fees are set.
`(9) If a transmitting organization entitled to make a phonorecord under this subsection is prevented from making such phonorecord by reason of the application by the copyright owner of technical measures that prevent the reproduction of the sound recording, the copyright owner shall make available to the transmitting organization the necessary means for permitting the making of such phonorecord within the meaning of this subsection, if it is technologically feasible and economically reasonable for the copyright owner to do so. If the copyright owner fails to do so in a timely manner in light of the transmitting organization's reasonable business requirements, the transmitting organization shall not be liable for a violation of section 1201(a)(1) of this title for engaging in such activities as are necessary to make such phonorecords as permitted under this subsection.'.
SEC. 416. ASSUMPTION OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS RELATED TO TRANSFERS OF RIGHTS IN MOTION PICTURES.
(a) IN GENERAL- Part VI of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:
`CHAPTER 180--ASSUMPTION OF CERTAIN CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
`Sec.
`4001. Assumption of contractual obligations related to transfers of rights in motion pictures.
`Sec. 4001. Assumption of contractual obligations related to transfers of rights in motion pictures
`(a) ASSUMPTION OF OBLIGATIONS- In the case of a transfer of copyright ownership in a motion picture (as defined in section 101 of title 17) that is produced subject to 1 or more collective bargaining agreements negotiated under the laws of the United States, if the transfer is executed on or after the effective date of this chapter and is not limited to public performance rights, the transfer instrument shall be deemed to incorporate the assumption agreements applicable to the copyright ownership being transferred that are required by the applicable collective bargaining agreement, and the transferee shall be subject to the obligations under each such assumption agreement to make residual payments and provide related notices, accruing after the effective date of the transfer and applicable to the exploitation of the rights transferred, and any remedies under each such assumption agreement for breach of those obligations, as those obligations and remedies are set forth in the applicable collective bargaining agreement, if--
`(1) the transferee knows or has reason to know at the time of the transfer that such collective bargaining agreement was or will be applicable to the motion picture; or
`(2) in the event of a court order confirming an arbitration award against the transferor under the collective bargaining agreement, the transferor does not have the financial ability to satisfy the award within 90 days after the order is issued.
`(b) FAILURE TO NOTIFY- If the transferor under subsection (a) fails to notify the transferee under subsection (a) of applicable collective bargaining obligations before the execution of the transfer instrument, and subsection (a) is made applicable to the transferee solely by virtue of subsection (a)(2), the transferor shall be liable to the transferee for any damages suffered by the transferee as a result of the failure to notify.
`(c) DETERMINATION OF DISPUTES AND CLAIMS- Any dispute concerning the application of subsection (a) and any claim made under subsection (b) shall be determined by an action in United States district court, and the court in its discretion may allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party and may also award a reasonable attorney's fee to the prevailing party as part of the costs.'.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The table of chapters for part VI of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
4001'.
SEC. 417. FIRST SALE CLARIFICATION.
Section 109(a) of title 17, United States Code, is amended by striking the first sentence and inserting the following: `Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106(3), the owner of a particular lawfully made copy or phonorecord that has been distributed in the United States by the authority of the copyright owner, or any person authorized by the owner of that copy or phonorecord, is entitled, without the authority of the copyright owner, to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy or phonorecord.'.
TITLE V--COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION ANTIPIRACY ACT
SEC. 501. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `Collections of Information Antipiracy Act'.
SEC. 502. MISAPPROPRIATION OF COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION.
Title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:
`CHAPTER 13--MISAPPROPRIATION OF COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION
`1302. Prohibition against misappropriation.
`1305. Relationship to other laws.
`1307. Criminal offenses and penalties.
`1308. Limitations on actions.
`Sec. 1301. Definitions
`As used in this chapter:
`(1) COLLECTION OF INFORMATION- The term `collection of information' means information that has been collected and has been organized for the purpose of bringing discrete items of information together in one place or through one source so that users may access them.
`(2) INFORMATION- The term `information' means facts, data, works of authorship, or any other intangible material capable of being collected and organized in a systematic way.
`(3) POTENTIAL MARKET- The term `potential market' means any market that a person claiming protection under section 1302 has current and demonstrable plans to exploit or that is commonly exploited by persons offering similar products or services incorporating collections of information.
`(4) COMMERCE- The term `commerce' means all commerce which may be lawfully regulated by the Congress.
`(5) PRODUCT OR SERVICE- A product or service incorporating a collection of information does not include a product or service incorporating a collection of information gathered, organized, or maintained to address, route, forward, transmit, or store digital online communications or provide or receive access to connections for digital online communications.
`Sec. 1302. Prohibition against misappropriation
`Any person who extracts, or uses in commerce, all or a substantial part, measured either quantitatively or qualitatively, of a collection of information gathered, organized, or maintained by another person through the investment of substantial monetary or other resources, so as to cause harm to the actual or potential market of that other person, or a successor in interest of that other person, for a product or service that incorporates that collection of information and is offered or intended to be offered for sale or otherwise in commerce by that other person, or a successor in interest of that person, shall be liable to that person or successor in interest for the remedies set forth in section 1306.
`Sec. 1303. Permitted acts
`(a) INDIVIDUAL ITEMS OF INFORMATION AND OTHER INSUBSTANTIAL PARTS- Nothing in this chapter shall prevent the extraction or use of an individual item of information, or other insubstantial part of a collection of information, in itself. An individual item of information, including a work of authorship, shall not itself be considered a substantial part of a collection of information under section 1302. Nothing in this subsection shall permit the repeated or systematic extraction or use of individual items or insubstantial parts of a collection of information so as to circumvent the prohibition contained in section 1302.
`(b) GATHERING OR USE OF INFORMATION OBTAINED THROUGH OTHER MEANS- Nothing in this chapter shall restrict any person from independently gathering information or using information obtained by means other than extracting it from a collection of information gathered, organized, or maintained by another person through the investment of substantial monetary or other resources.
`(c) USE OF INFORMATION FOR VERIFICATION- Nothing in this chapter shall restrict any person from extracting or using a collection of information within any entity or organization, for the sole purpose of verifying the accuracy of information independently gathered, organized, or maintained by that person. Under no circumstances shall the information so used be extracted from the original collection and made available to others in a manner that harms the actual or potential market for the collection of information from which it is extracted or used.
`(d) NONPROFIT EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, OR RESEARCH USES- Notwithstanding section 1302, no person shall be restricted from extracting or using information for nonprofit educational, scientific, or research purposes in a manner that does not harm directly the actual market for the product or service referred to in section 1302.
`(e) NEWS REPORTING- Nothing in this chapter shall restrict any person from extracting or using information for the sole purpose of news reporting, including news gathering, dissemination, and comment, unless the information so extracted or used is time sensitive and has been gathered by a news reporting entity, and the extraction or use is part of a consistent pattern engaged in for the purpose of direct competition.
`(f) TRANSFER OF COPY- Nothing in this chapter shall restrict the owner of a particular lawfully made copy of all or part of a collection of information from selling or otherwise disposing of the possession of that copy.
`Sec. 1304. Exclusions
`(a) GOVERNMENT COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION-
`(1) EXCLUSION- Protection under this chapter shall not extend to collections of information gathered, organized, or maintained by or for a government entity, whether Federal, State, or local, including any employee or agent of such entity, or any person exclusively licensed by such entity, within the scope of the employment, agency, or license. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude protection under this chapter for information gathered, organized, or
maintained by such an agent or licensee that is not within the scope of such agency or license, or by a Federal or State educational institution in the course of engaging in education or scholarship.
`(2) EXCEPTION- The exclusion under paragraph (1) does not apply to any information required to be collected and disseminated--
`(A) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by a national securities exchange, a registered securities association, or a registered securities information processor, subject to section 1305(g) of this title; or
`(B) under the Commodity Exchange Act by a contract market, subject to section 1305(g) of this title.
`(1) PROTECTION NOT EXTENDED- Subject to paragraph (2), protection under this chapter shall not extend to computer programs, including, but not limited to, any computer program used in the manufacture, production, operation, or maintenance of a collection of information, or any element of a computer program necessary to its operation.
`(2) INCORPORATED COLLECTIONS OF INFORMATION- A collection of information that is otherwise subject to protection under this chapter is not disqualified from such protection solely because it is incorporated into a computer program.
`Sec. 1305. Relationship to other laws
`(a) OTHER RIGHTS NOT AFFECTED- Subject to subsection (b), nothing in this chapter shall affect rights, limitations, or remedies concerning copyright, or any other rights or obligations relating to information, including laws with respect to patent, trademark, design rights, antitrust, trade secrets, privacy, access to public documents, and the law of contract.
`(b) PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW- On or after the effective date of this chapter, all rights that are equivalent to the rights specified in section 1302 with respect to the subject matter of this chapter shall be governed exclusively by Federal law, and no person is entitled to any equivalent right in such subject matter under the common law or statutes of any State. State laws with respect to trademark, design rights, antitrust, trade secrets, privacy, access to public documents, and the law of contract shall not be deemed to provide equivalent rights for purposes of this subsection.
`(c) RELATIONSHIP TO COPYRIGHT- Protection under this chapter is independent of, and does not affect or enlarge the scope, duration, ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright protection or limitation, including, but not limited to, fair use, in any work of authorship that is contained in or consists in whole or part of a collection of information. This chapter does not provide any greater protection to a work of authorship contained in a collection of information, other than a work that is itself a collection of information, than is available to that work under any other chapter of this title.
`(d) ANTITRUST- Nothing in this chapter shall limit in any way the constraints on the manner in which products and services may be provided to the public that are imposed by Federal and State antitrust laws, including those regarding single suppliers of products and services.
`(e) LICENSING- Nothing in this chapter shall restrict the rights of parties freely to enter into licenses or any other contracts with respect to the use of collections of information.
`(f) COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934- Nothing in this chapter shall affect the operation of the provisions of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), or shall restrict any person from extracting or using subscriber list information, as such term is defined in section 222(f)(3) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 222(f)(3)), for the purpose of publishing telephone directories in any format.
`(g) SECURITIES AND COMMODITIES MARKET INFORMATION-
`(1) FEDERAL AGENCIES AND ACTS- Nothing in this Act shall affect:
`(A) the operation of the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) or the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);
`(B) the jurisdiction or authority of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission; or
`(C) the functions and operations of self-regulatory organizations and securities information processors under the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations thereunder, including making market information available pursuant to the provisions of that Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
`(2) PROHIBITION- Notwithstanding any provision in subsection (a), (b), (c), (d), or (f) of section 1303, nothing in this chapter shall permit the extraction, use, resale, or other disposition of real-time market information except as the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Commodity Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder may otherwise provide. In addition, nothing in subsection (e) of section 1303 shall be construed to permit any person to extract or use real-time market information in a manner that constitutes a market substitute for a real-time market information service (including the real-time systematic updating of or display of a substantial part of market information) provided on a real-time basis.
`(3) DEFINITION- As used in this subsection, the term `market information' means information relating to quotations and transactions that is collected, processed, distributed, or published pursuant to the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or by a contract market that is designated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission pursuant to the Commodity Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
`Sec. 1306. Civil remedies
`(a) CIVIL ACTIONS- Any person who is injured by a violation of section 1302 may bring a civil action for such a violation in an appropriate United States district court without regard to the amount in controversy, except that any action against a State governmental entity may be brought in any court that has jurisdiction over claims against such entity.
`(b) TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS- Any court having jurisdiction of a civil action under this section shall have the power to grant temporary and permanent injunctions, according to the principles of equity and upon such terms as the court may deem reasonable, to prevent a violation of section 1302. Any such injunction may be served anywhere in the United States on the person enjoined, and may be enforced by proceedings in contempt or otherwise by any United States district court having jurisdiction over that person.
`(c) IMPOUNDMENT- At any time while an action under this section is pending, the court may order the impounding, on such terms as it deems reasonable, of all copies of contents of a collection of information extracted or used in violation of section 1302, and of all masters, tapes, disks, diskettes, or other articles by means of which such copies may be reproduced. The court may, as part of a final judgment or decree finding a violation of section 1302, order the remedial modification or destruction of all copies of contents of a collection of information extracted or used in violation of section 1302, and of all masters, tapes, disks, diskettes, or other articles by means of which such copies may be reproduced.
`(d) MONETARY RELIEF- When a violation of section 1302 has been established in any civil action arising under this section, the plaintiff shall be entitled to recover any damages sustained by the plaintiff and defendant's profits not taken into account in computing the damages sustained by the plaintiff. The court shall assess such profits or damages or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. In assessing profits the plaintiff shall be required to prove defendant's gross revenue only and the defendant shall be required to prove all elements of cost or deduction claims. In assessing damages the court may enter judgment, according to the circumstances of the case, for any sum above the amount found as actual damages, not exceeding three times such amount. The court in its discretion may award reasonable costs and attorney's fees to the prevailing party and shall award such costs and fees where it determines that an action was brought under this chapter in bad faith against a nonprofit educational, scientific, or research institution, library, or archives, or an employee or agent of such an entity, acting within the scope of his or her employment.
`(e) REDUCTION OR REMISSION OF MONETARY RELIEF FOR NONPROFIT EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, OR RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS- The court shall reduce or remit entirely monetary relief under subsection (d) in any case in which a defendant believed and had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her conduct was permissible under this chapter, if the defendant was an employee or agent of a nonprofit educational, scientific, or research institution, library, or archives acting within the scope of his or her employment.
`(f) ACTIONS AGAINST UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT- Subsections (b) and (c) shall not apply to any action against the United States Government.
`(g) RELIEF AGAINST STATE ENTITIES- The relief provided under this section shall be available against a State governmental entity to the extent permitted by applicable law.
`Sec. 1307. Criminal offenses and penalties
`(1) IN GENERAL- Any person who violates section 1302 willfully, and--
`(A) does so for direct or indirect commercial advantage or financial gain; or
`(B) causes loss or damage aggregating $10,000 or more in any 1-year period to the person who gathered, organized, or maintained the information concerned,
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b).
`(2) INAPPLICABILITY- This section shall not apply to an employee or agent of a nonprofit educational, scientific, or research institution, library, or archives acting within the scope of his or her employment.
`(b) PENALTIES- An offense under subsection (a) shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $250,000 or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both. A second or subsequent offense under subsection (a) shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $500,000 or imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both.
`Sec. 1308. Limitations on actions
`(a) CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS- No criminal proceeding shall be maintained under this chapter unless it is commenced within three years after the cause of action arises.
`(b) CIVIL ACTIONS- No civil action shall be maintained under this chapter unless it is commenced within three years after the cause of action arises or claim accrues.
`(c) ADDITIONAL LIMITATION- No criminal or civil action shall be maintained under this chapter for the extraction or use of all or a substantial part of a collection of information that occurs more than 15 years after the investment of resources that qualified the portion of the collection of information for protection under this chapter that is extracted or used.'.
SEC. 503. CONFORMING AMENDMENT.
The table of chapters for title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
1301'.
SEC. 504. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 28, UNITED STATES CODE.
(a) DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION- Section 1338 of title 28, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in the section heading by inserting `misappropriations of collections of information,' after `trade-marks,'; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
`(d) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action arising under chapter 13 of title 17, relating to misappropriation of collections of information. Such jurisdiction shall be exclusive of the courts of the States, except that any action against a State governmental entity may be brought in any court that has jurisdiction over claims against such entity.'.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The item relating to section 1338 in the table of sections for chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `misappropriations of collections of information,' after `trade-marks,'.
(c) COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS JURISDICTION- Section 1498(e) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `and to protections afforded collections of information under chapter 13 of title 17' after `chapter 9 of title 17'.
SEC. 505. EFFECTIVE DATE.
(a) IN GENERAL- This title and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act, and shall apply to acts committed on or after that date.
(b) PRIOR ACTS NOT AFFECTED- No person shall be liable under chapter 13 of title 17, United States Code, as added by section 502 of this Act, for the use of information lawfully extracted from a collection of information prior to the effective date of this Act, by that person or by that person's predecessor in interest.
TITLE VI--PROTECTION OF CERTAIN ORIGINAL DESIGNS
SEC. 601. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be referred to as the `Vessel Hull Design Protection Act'.
SEC. 602. PROTECTION OF CERTAIN ORIGINAL DESIGNS.
Title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:
`CHAPTER 14--PROTECTION OF ORIGINAL DESIGNS
`1401. Designs protected.
`1402. Designs not subject to protection.
`1403. Revisions, adaptations, and rearrangements.
`1404. Commencement of protection.
`1405. Term of protection.
`1407. Effect of omission of notice.
`1410. Application for registration.
`1411. Benefit of earlier filing date in foreign country.
`1412. Oaths and acknowledgments.
`1413. Examination of application and issue or refusal of registration.
`1414. Certification of registration.
`1415. Publication of announcements and indexes.
`1418. Copies of records.
`1419. Correction of errors in certificates.
`1420. Ownership and transfer.
`1421. Remedy for infringement.
`1423. Recovery for infringement.
`1424. Power of court over registration.
`1425. Liability for action on registration fraudulently obtained.
`1426. Penalty for false marking.
`1427. Penalty for false representation.
`1428. Enforcement by Treasury and Postal Service .
`1429. Relation to design patent law.
`1430. Common law and other rights unaffected.
`1431. Administrator; Office of the Administrator.
`1432. No retroactive effect.
`Sec. 1401. Designs protected
`(1) IN GENERAL- The designer or other owner of an original design of a useful article which makes the article attractive or distinctive in appearance to the purchasing or using public may secure the protection provided by this chapter upon complying with and subject to this chapter.
`(2) VESSEL HULLS- The design of a vessel hull, including a plug or mold, is subject to protection under this chapter, notwithstanding section 1402(4).
`(b) DEFINITIONS- For the purpose of this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:
`(1) A design is `original' if it is the result of the designer's creative endeavor that provides a distinguishable variation over prior work pertaining to similar articles which is more than merely trivial and has not been copied from another source.
`(2) A `useful article' is a vessel hull, including a plug or mold, which in normal use has an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information. An article which normally is part of a useful article shall be deemed to be a useful article.
`(3) A `vessel' is a craft, especially one larger than a rowboat, designed to navigate on water, but does not include any such craft that exceeds 200 feet in length.
`(4) A `hull' is the frame or body of a vessel, including the deck of a vessel, exclusive of masts, sails, yards, and rigging.
`(5) A `plug' means a device or model used to make a mold for the purpose of exact duplication, regardless of whether the device or model has an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not only to portray the appearance of the product or to convey information.
`(6) A `mold' means a matrix or form in which a substance for material is used, regardless of whether the matrix or form has an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not only to portray the appearance of the product or to convey information.
`Sec. 1402. Designs not subject to protection
`Protection under this chapter shall not be available for a design that is--
`(2) staple or commonplace, such as a standard geometric figure, a familiar symbol, an emblem, or a motif, or another shape, pattern, or configuration which has become standard, common, prevalent, or ordinary;
`(3) different from a design excluded by paragraph (2) only in insignificant details or in elements which are variants commonly used in the relevant trades;
`(4) dictated solely by a utilitarian function of the article that embodies it; or
`(5) embodied in a useful article that was made public by the designer or owner in the United States or a foreign country more than 1 year before the date of the application for registration under this chapter.
`Sec. 1403. Revisions, adaptations, and rearrangements
`Protection for a design under this chapter shall be available notwithstanding the employment in the design of subject matter excluded from protection under section 1402 if the design is a substantial revision, adaptation, or rearrangement of such subject matter. Such protection shall be independent of any subsisting protection in subject matter employed in the design, and shall not be construed as securing any right to subject matter excluded from protection under this chapter or as extending any subsisting protection under this chapter.
`Sec. 1404. Commencement of protection
`The protection provided for a design under this chapter shall commence upon the earlier of the date of publication of the registration under section 1413(a) or the date the design is first made public as defined by section 1410(b).
`Sec. 1405. Term of protection
`(a) IN GENERAL- Subject to subsection (b), the protection provided under this chapter for a design shall continue for a term of 10 years beginning on the date of the commencement of protection under section 1404.
`(b) EXPIRATION- All terms of protection provided in this section shall run to the end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire.
`(c) TERMINATION OF RIGHTS- Upon expiration or termination of protection in a particular design under this chapter, all rights under this chapter in the design shall terminate, regardless of the number of different articles in which the design may have been used during the term of its protection.
`Sec. 1406. Design notice
`(a) CONTENTS OF DESIGN NOTICE- (1) Whenever any design for which protection is sought under this chapter is made public under section 1410(b), the owner of the design shall, subject to the provisions of section 1407, mark it or have it marked legibly with a design notice consisting of--
`(A) the words `Protected Design', the abbreviation `Prot'd Des.', or the letter `D' with a circle, or the symbol *D*;
`(B) the year of the date on which protection for the design commenced; and
`(C) the name of the owner, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally accepted alternative designation of the owner.
Any distinctive identification of the owner may be used for purposes of subparagraph (C) if it has been recorded by the Administrator before the design marked with such identification is registered.
`(2) After registration, the registration number may be used instead of the elements specified in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (1).
`(b) LOCATION OF NOTICE- The design notice shall be so located and applied as to give reasonable notice of design protection while the useful article embodying the design is passing through its normal channels of commerce.
`(c) SUBSEQUENT REMOVAL OF NOTICE- When the owner of a design has complied with the provisions of this section, protection under this chapter shall not be affected by the removal, destruction, or obliteration by others of the design notice on an article.
`Sec. 1407. Effect of omission of notice
`(a) ACTIONS WITH NOTICE- Except as provided in subsection (b), the omission of the notice prescribed in section 1406 shall not cause loss of the protection under this chapter or prevent recovery for infringement under this chapter against any person who, after receiving written notice of the design protection, begins an undertaking leading to infringement under this chapter.
`(b) ACTIONS WITHOUT NOTICE- The omission of the notice prescribed in section 1406 shall prevent any recovery under section 1423 against a person who began an undertaking leading to infringement under this chapter before receiving written notice of the design protection. No injunction shall be issued under this chapter with respect to such undertaking unless the owner of the design reimburses that person for any reasonable expenditure or contractual obligation in connection with such undertaking that was incurred before receiving written notice of the design protection, as the court in its discretion directs. The burden of providing written notice of design protection shall be on the owner of the design.
`Sec. 1408. Exclusive rights
`The owner of a design protected under this chapter has the exclusive right to--
`(1) make, have made, or import, for sale or for use in trade, any useful article embodying that design; and
`(2) sell or distribute for sale or for use in trade any useful article embodying that design.
`Sec. 1409. Infringement
`(a) ACTS OF INFRINGEMENT- Except as provided in subjection (b), it shall be infringement of the exclusive rights in a design protected under this chapter for any person, without the consent of the owner of the design, within the United States and during the term of such protection, to--
`(1) make, have made, or import, for sale or for use in trade, any infringing article as defined in subsection (e); or
`(2) sell or distribute for sale or for use in trade any such infringing article.
`(b) ACTS OF SELLERS AND DISTRIBUTORS- A seller or distributor of an infringing article who did not make or import the article shall be deemed to have infringed on a design protected under this chapter only if that person--
`(1) induced or acted in collusion with a manufacturer to make, or an importer to import such article, except that merely purchasing or giving an order to purchase such article in the ordinary course of business shall not of itself constitute such inducement or collusion; or
`(2) refused or failed, upon the request of the owner of the design, to make a prompt and full disclosure of that person's source of such article, and that person orders or reorders such article after receiving notice by registered or certified mail of the protection subsisting in the design.
`(c) ACTS WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE- It shall not be infringement under this section to make, have made, import, sell, or distribute, any article embodying a design which was created without knowledge that a design was protected under this chapter and was copied from such protected design.
`(d) ACTS IN ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS- A person who incorporates into that person's product of manufacture an infringing article acquired from others in the ordinary course of business, or who, without knowledge of the protected design embodied in an infringing article, makes or processes the infringing article for the account of another person in the ordinary course of business, shall not be deemed to have infringed the rights in that design under this chapter except under a condition contained in paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (b). Accepting an order or reorder from the source of the infringing article shall be deemed ordering or reordering within the meaning of subsection (b)(2).
`(e) INFRINGING ARTICLE DEFINED- As used in this section, an `infringing article' is any article the design of which has been copied from a design protected under this chapter, without the consent of the owner of the protected design. An infringing article is not an illustration or picture of a protected design in an advertisement, book, periodical, newspaper, photograph, broadcast, motion picture, or similar medium. A design shall not be deemed to have been copied from a protected design if it is original and not substantially similar in appearance to a protected design.
`(f) ESTABLISHING ORIGINALITY- The party to any action or proceeding under this chapter who alleges rights under this chapter in a design shall have the burden of establishing the design's originality whenever the opposing party introduces an earlier work which is identical to such design, or so similar as to make prima facie showing that such design was copied from such work.
`(g) REPRODUCTION FOR TEACHING OR ANALYSIS- It is not an infringement of the exclusive rights of a design owner for a person to reproduce the design in a useful article or in any other form solely for the purpose of teaching, analyzing, or evaluating the appearance, concepts, or techniques embodied in the design, or the function of the useful article embodying the design.
`Sec. 1410. Application for registration
`(a) TIME LIMIT FOR APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION- Protection under this chapter shall be lost if application for registration of the design is not made within two years after the date on which the design is first made public.
`(b) WHEN DESIGN IS MADE PUBLIC- A design is made public when an existing useful article embodying the design is anywhere publicly exhibited, publicly distributed, or offered for sale or sold to the public by the owner of the design or with the owner's consent.
`(c) APPLICATION BY OWNER OF DESIGN- Application for registration may be made by the owner of the design.
`(d) CONTENTS OF APPLICATION- The application for registration shall be made to the Administrator and shall state--
`(1) the name and address of the designer or designers of the design;
`(2) the name and address of the owner if different from the designer;
`(3) the specific name of the useful article embodying the design;
`(4) the date, if any, that the design was first made public, if such date was earlier than the date of the application;
`(5) affirmation that the design has been fixed in a useful article; and
`(6) such other information as may be required by the Administrator.
The application for registration may include a description setting forth the salient features of the design, but the absence of such a description shall not prevent registration under this chapter.
`(e) SWORN STATEMENT- The application for registration shall be accompanied by a statement under oath by the applicant or the applicant's duly authorized agent or representative, setting forth, to the best of the applicant's knowledge and belief--
`(1) that the design is original and was created by the designer or designers named in the application;
`(2) that the design has not previously been registered on behalf of the applicant or the applicant's predecessor in title; and
`(3) that the applicant is the person entitled to protection and to registration under this chapter.
If the design has been made public with the design notice prescribed in section 1406, the statement shall also describe the exact form and position of the design notice.
`(f) EFFECT OF ERRORS- (1) Error in any statement or assertion as to the utility of the useful article named in the application under this section, the design of which is sought to be registered, shall not affect the protection secured under this chapter.
`(2) Errors in omitting a joint designer or in naming an alleged joint designer shall not affect the validity of the registration, or the actual ownership or the protection of the design, unless it is shown that the error occurred with deceptive intent.
`(g) DESIGN MADE IN SCOPE OF EMPLOYMENT- In a case in which the design was made within the regular scope of the designer's employment and individual authorship of the design is difficult or impossible to ascribe and the application so states, the name and address of the employer for whom the design was made may be stated instead of that of the individual designer.
`(h) PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF DESIGN- The application for registration shall be accompanied by two copies of a drawing or other pictorial representation of the useful article embodying the design, having one or more views, adequate to show the design, in a form and style suitable for reproduction, which shall be deemed a part of the application.
`(i) DESIGN IN MORE THAN ONE USEFUL ARTICLE- If the distinguishing elements of a design are in substantially the same form in different useful articles, the design shall be protected as to all such useful articles when protected as to one of them, but not more than one registration shall be required for the design.
`(j) APPLICATION FOR MORE THAN ONE DESIGN- More than one design may be included in the same application under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Administrator. For each design included in an application the fee prescribed for a single design shall be paid.
`Sec. 1411. Benefit of earlier filing date in foreign country
`An application for registration of a design filed in the United States by any person who has, or whose legal representative or predecessor or successor in title has, previously filed an application for registration of the same design in a foreign country which extends to designs of owners who are citizens of the United States, or to applications filed under this chapter, similar protection to that provided under this chapter shall have that same effect as if filed in the United States on the date on which the application was first filed in such foreign country, if the application in the United States is filed within 6 months after the earliest date on which any such foreign application was filed.
`Sec. 1412. Oaths and acknowledgments
`(a) IN GENERAL- Oaths and acknowledgments required by this chapter--
`(A) before any person in the United States authorized by law to administer oaths; or
`(B) when made in a foreign country, before any diplomatic or consular officer of the United States authorized to administer oaths, or before any official authorized to administer oaths in the foreign country concerned, whose authority shall be proved by a certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States; and
`(2) shall be valid if they comply with the laws of the State or country where made.
`(b) WRITTEN DECLARATION IN LIEU OF OATH- (1) The Administrator may by rule prescribe that any document which is to be filed under this chapter in the Office of the Administrator and which is required by any law, rule, or other regulation to be under oath, may be subscribed to by a written declaration in such form as the Administrator may prescribe, and such declaration shall be in lieu of the oath otherwise required.
`(2) Whenever a written declaration under paragraph (1) is used, the document containing the declaration shall state that willful false statements are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, pursuant to section 1001 of title 18, and may jeopardize the validity of the application or document or a registration resulting therefrom.
`Sec. 1413. Examination of application and issue or refusal of registration
`(a) DETERMINATION OF REGISTRABILITY OF DESIGN; REGISTRATION- Upon the filing of an application for registration in proper form under section 1410, and upon payment of the fee prescribed under section 1416, the Administrator shall determine whether or not the application relates to a design which on its face appears to be subject to protection under this chapter, and, if so, the Register shall register the design. Registration under this subsection shall be announced by publication. The date of registration shall be the date of publication.
`(b) REFUSAL TO REGISTER; RECONSIDERATION- If, in the judgment of the Administrator, the application for registration relates to a design which on its face is not subject to protection under this chapter, the Administrator shall send to the applicant a notice of refusal to register and the grounds for the refusal. Within 3 months after the date on which the notice of refusal is sent, the applicant may, by written request, seek reconsideration of the application. After consideration of such a request, the Administrator shall either register the design or send to the applicant a notice of final refusal to register.
`(c) APPLICATION TO CANCEL REGISTRATION- Any person who believes he or she is or will be damaged by a registration under this chapter may, upon payment of the prescribed fee, apply to the Administrator at any time to cancel the registration on the ground that the design is not subject to protection under this chapter, stating the reasons for the request. Upon receipt of an application for cancellation, the Administrator shall send to the owner of the design, as shown in the records of the Office of the Administrator, a notice of the application, and the owner shall have a period of 3 months after the date on which such notice is mailed in which to present arguments to the Administrator for support of the validity of the registration. The Administrator shall also have the authority to establish, by regulation, conditions under which the opposing parties may appear and be heard in support of their arguments. If, after the periods provided for the presentation of arguments have expired, the Administrator determines that the applicant for cancellation has established that the design is not subject to protection under this chapter, the Administrator shall order the registration stricken from the record. Cancellation under this subsection shall be announced by publication, and notice of the Administrator's final determination with respect to any application for cancellation shall be sent to the applicant and to the owner of record.
`Sec. 1414. Certification of registration
`Certificates of registration shall be issued in the name of the United States under the seal of the Office of the Administrator and shall be recorded in the official records of the Office. The certificate shall state the name of the useful article, the date of filing of the application, the date of registration, and the date the design was made public, if earlier than the date of filing of the application, and shall contain a reproduction of the drawing or other pictorial representation of the design. If a description of the salient features of the design appears in the application, the description shall also appear in the certificate. A certificate of registration shall be admitted in any court as prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the certificate.
`Sec. 1415. Publication of announcements and indexes
`(a) PUBLICATIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATOR- The Administrator shall publish lists and indexes of registered designs and cancellations of designs and may also publish the drawings or other pictorial representations of registered designs for sale or other distribution.
`(b) FILE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF REGISTERED DESIGNS- The Administrator shall establish and maintain a file of the drawings or other pictorial representations of registered designs. The file shall be available for use by the public under such conditions as the Administrator may prescribe.
`Sec. 1416. Fees
`The Administrator shall by regulation set reasonable fees for the filing of applications to register designs under this chapter and for other services relating to the administration of this chapter, taking into consideration the cost of providing these services and the benefit of a public record.
`Sec. 1417. Regulations
`The Administrator may establish regulations for the administration of this chapter.
`Sec. 1418. Copies of records
`Upon payment of the prescribed fee, any person may obtain a certified copy of any official record of the Office of the Administrator that relates to this chapter. That copy shall be admissible in evidence with the same effect as the original.
`Sec. 1419. Correction of errors in certificates
`The Administrator may, by a certificate of correction under seal, correct any error in a registration incurred through the fault of the Office, or, upon payment of the required fee, any error of a clerical or typographical nature occurring in good faith but not through the fault of the Office. Such registration, together with the certificate, shall thereafter have the same effect as if it had been originally issued in such corrected form.
`Sec. 1420. Ownership and transfer
`(a) PROPERTY RIGHT IN DESIGN- The property right in a design subject to protection under this chapter shall vest in the designer, the legal representatives of a deceased designer or of one under legal incapacity, the employer for whom the designer created the design in the case of a design made within the regular scope of the designer's employment, or a person to whom the rights of the designer or of such employer have been transferred. The person in whom the property right is vested shall be considered the owner of the design.
`(b) TRANSFER OF PROPERTY RIGHT- The property right in a registered design, or a design for which an application for registration has been or may be filed, may be assigned, granted, conveyed, or mortgaged by an instrument in writing, signed by the owner, or may be bequeathed by will.
`(c) OATH OR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF TRANSFER- An oath or acknowledgment under section 1412 shall be prima facie evidence of the execution of an assignment, grant, conveyance, or mortgage under subsection (b).
`(d) RECORDATION OF TRANSFER- An assignment, grant, conveyance, or mortgage under subsection (b) shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, unless it is recorded in the Office of the Administrator within 3 months after its date of execution or before the date of such subsequent purchase or mortgage.
`Sec. 1421. Remedy for infringement
`(a) IN GENERAL- The owner of a design is entitled, after issuance of a certificate of registration of the design under this chapter, to institute an action for any infringement of the design.
`(b) REVIEW OF REFUSAL TO REGISTER- (1) Subject to paragraph (2), the owner of a design may seek judicial review of a final refusal of the Administrator to register the design under this chapter by bringing a civil action, and may in the same action, if the court adjudges the design subject to protection under this chapter, enforce the rights in that design under this chapter.
`(2) The owner of a design may seek judicial review under this section if--
`(A) the owner has previously duly filed and prosecuted to final refusal an application in proper form for registration of the design;
`(B) the owner causes a copy of the complaint in the action to be delivered to the Administrator within 10 days after the commencement of the action; and
`(C) the defendant has committed acts in respect to the design which would constitute infringement with respect to a design protected under this chapter.
`(c) ADMINISTRATOR AS PARTY TO ACTION- The Administrator may, at the Administrator's option, become a party to the action with respect to the issue of registrability of the design claim by entering an appearance within 60 days after being served with the complaint, but the failure of the Administrator to become a party shall not deprive the court of jurisdiction to determine that issue.
`(d) USE OF ARBITRATION TO RESOLVE DISPUTE- The parties to an infringement dispute under this chapter, within such time as may be specified by the Administrator by regulation, may determine the dispute, or any aspect of the dispute, by arbitration. Arbitration shall be governed by title 9. The parties shall give notice of any arbitration award to the Administrator, and such award shall, as between the parties to the arbitration, be dispositive of the issues to which it relates. The arbitration award shall be unenforceable until such notice is given. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude the Administrator from determining whether a design is subject to registration in a cancellation proceeding under section 1413(c).
Sec. 1422. Injunctions
`(a) IN GENERAL- A court having jurisdiction over actions under this chapter may grant injunctions in accordance with the principles of equity to prevent infringement of a design under this chapter, including, in its discretion, prompt relief by temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions.
`(b) DAMAGES FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF WRONGFULLY OBTAINED- A seller or distributor who suffers damage by reason of injunctive relief wrongfully obtained under this section has a cause of action against the applicant for such injunctive relief and may recover such relief as may be appropriate, including damages for lost profits, cost of materials, loss of good will, and punitive damages in instances where the injunctive relief was sought in bad faith, and, unless the court finds extenuating circumstances, reasonable attorney's fees.
`Sec. 1423. Recovery for infringement
`(a) DAMAGES- Upon a finding for the claimant in an action for infringement under this chapter, the court shall award the claimant damages adequate to compensate for the infringement. In addition, the court may increase the damages to such amount, not exceeding $50,000 or $1 per copy, whichever is greater, as the court determines to be just. The damages awarded shall constitute compensation and not a penalty. The court may receive expert testimony as an aid to the determination of damages.
`(b) INFRINGER'S PROFITS- As an alternative to the remedies provided in subsection (a), the court may award the claimant the infringer's profits resulting from the sale of the copies if the court finds that the infringer's sales are reasonably related to the use of the claimant's design. In such a case, the claimant shall be required to prove only the amount of the infringer's sales and the infringer shall be required to prove its expenses against such sales.
`(c) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS- No recovery under subsection (a) or (b) shall be had for any infringement committed more than 3 years before the date on which the complaint is filed.
`(d) ATTORNEY'S FEES- In an action for infringement under this chapter, the court may award reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party.
`(e) DISPOSITION OF INFRINGING AND OTHER ARTICLES- The court may order that all infringing articles, and any plates, molds, patterns, models, or other means specifically adapted for making the articles, be delivered up for destruction or other disposition as the court may direct.
`Sec. 1424. Power of court over registration
`In any action involving the protection of a design under this chapter, the court, when appropriate, may order registration of a design under this chapter or the cancellation of such a registration. Any such order shall be certified by the court to the Administrator, who shall make an appropriate entry upon the record.
`Sec. 1425. Liability for action on registration fraudulently obtained
`Any person who brings an action for infringement knowing that registration of the design was obtained by a false or fraudulent representation materially affecting the rights under this chapter, shall be liable in the sum of $10,000, or such part of that amount as the court may determine. That amount shall be to compensate the defendant and shall be charged against the plaintiff and paid to the defendant, in addition to such costs and attorney's fees of the defendant as may be assessed by the court.
`Sec. 1426. Penalty for false marking
`(a) IN GENERAL- Whoever, for the purpose of deceiving the public, marks upon, applies to, or uses in advertising in connection with an article made, used, distributed, or sold, a design which is not protected under this chapter, a design notice specified in section 1406, or any other words or symbols importing that the design is protected under this chapter, knowing that the design is not so protected, shall pay a civil fine of not more than $500 for each such offense.
`(b) SUIT BY PRIVATE PERSONS- Any person may sue for the penalty established by subsection (a), in which event one-half of the penalty shall be awarded to the person suing and the remainder shall be awarded to the United States.
`Sec. 1427. Penalty for false representation
`Whoever knowingly makes a false representation materially affecting the rights obtainable under this chapter for the purpose of obtaining registration of a design under this chapter shall pay a penalty of not less than $500 and not more than $1,000, and any rights or privileges that individual may have in the design under this chapter shall be forfeited.
`Sec. 1428. Enforcement by Treasury and Postal Service
`(a) REGULATIONS- The Secretary of the Treasury and the United States Postal Service shall separately or jointly issue regulations for the enforcement of the rights set forth in section 1408 with respect to importation. Such regulations may require, as a condition for the exclusion of articles from the United States, that the person seeking exclusion take any one or more of the following actions:
`(1) Obtain a court order enjoining, or an order of the International Trade Commission under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 excluding, importation of the articles.
`(2) Furnish proof that the design involved is protected under this chapter and that the importation of the articles would infringe the rights in the design under this chapter.
`(3) Post a surety bond for any injury that may result if the detention or exclusion of the articles proves to be unjustified.
`(b) SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE- Articles imported in violation of the rights set forth in section 1408 are subject to seizure and forfeiture in the same manner as property imported in violation of the customs laws. Any such forfeited articles shall be destroyed as directed by the Secretary of the Treasury or the court, as the case may be, except that the articles may be returned to the country of export whenever it is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury that the importer had no reasonable grounds for believing that his or her acts constituted a violation of the law.
`Sec. 1429. Relation to design patent law
`The issuance of a design patent under title 35 for an original design for an article of manufacture shall terminate any protection of the original design under this chapter.
`Sec. 1430. Common law and other rights unaffected
`Nothing in this chapter shall annul or limit--
`(1) common law or other rights or remedies, if any, available to or held by any person with respect to a design which has not been registered under this chapter; or
`(2) any right under the trademark laws or any right protected against unfair competition.
`Sec. 1431. Administrator; Office of the Administrator
`In this chapter, the `Administrator' is the Register of Copyrights, and the `Office of the Administrator' and the `Office' refer to the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
`Sec. 1432. No retroactive effect
`Protection under this chapter shall not be available for any design that has been made public under section 1410(b) before the effective date of this chapter.'.
SEC. 603. CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.
(a) TABLE OF CHAPTERS- The table of chapters for title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
1401'.
(b) JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT COURTS OVER DESIGN ACTIONS- (1) Section 1338(c) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `, and to exclusive rights in designs under chapter 14 of title 17,' after `title 17'.
(2)(A) The section heading for section 1338 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `designs,' after `mask works,'.
(B) The item relating to section 1338 in the table of sections at the beginning of chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `designs,' after `mask works,'.
(c) PLACE FOR BRINGING DESIGN ACTIONS- Section 1400(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `or designs' after `mask works'.
(d) ACTIONS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES- Section 1498(e) of title 28, United States Code, is amended by inserting `, and to exclusive rights in designs under chapter 14 of title 17,' after `title 17'.
SEC. 604. EFFECTIVE DATE.
The amendments made by sections 602 and 603 shall take effect one year after the date of the enactment of this Act.
Passed the House of Representatives August 4, 1998.
Attest:
ROBIN H. CARLE,
Clerk.
END