The New York Times
Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company
February 14, 2001
Fighting Free Music, Europeans Take Aim at
Personal Computers
by Edmund L. Andrews
FRANKFURT, Feb. 13 - While American music producers pursue their marathon
court battle against Napster and other free-music sites on the Internet,
European composers and record companies are opening an entirely different
front in the war against unauthorized copying: the personal computers that
do the actual work.
Here in Germany, copyright societies representing the entertainment and publishing
industries are pushing to impose flat fees on all the components in a home
computer that can be used in copying, the devices that write or "burn" music
onto blank CD's, computer hard-disk drives, image scanners and printers.
There has even been talk about imposing charges on Internet-ready mobile
phones that could also record music free. The levies would likely be paid
by the manufacturers and passed on to consumers when they purchased the computer
equipment or telephones.
Computer executives estimate that the charges would total more than $80 for
a fully equipped computer, regardless of whether it was being used to copy
music or not.
All told, industry executives say the fees would add up to more than $500
million a year in Germany alone, where a court has already upheld demands
for a charge on CD burners.
Similar demands are surfacing in several other European countries. Last month,
the French pop star Johnny Hallyday joined a number of other singers and
musicians to support demands for steep fees on blank computer diskettes and
computer equipment.
Copyright groups in Belgium, Austria and Denmark have put forward their own
proposals, though many are watching Germany and France for guidance on tactics.
In contrast to the United States, there is precedent in Europe for such fees.
Most countries have long had laws or industry agreements that imposed copyright
fees on audio and videocassette recorders, as well as blank tapes and disks.
Typically, the fees are collected by government-regulated copyright societies
similar to American groups like the American Society of Composers, Authors
and Publishers and Broadcast Music Inc., which collect royalties on music
played on radio stations. The copyright societies then distribute the money
back to record companies, estimating the payments by examining record sales
and the program logs of radio broadcasters.
Many European governments also impose a heavy annual tax on television sets,
which is used to underwrite public television networks.
Like Metallica, the American heavy-metal group that has infuriated many of
its own fans by railing against unauthorized copying, top-selling European
musicians say the measures would provide at least some compensation for what
they view as an epidemic of music piracy.
"We are probably the most heavily bootlegged group in Germany," said Stephan
Weidner, the composer and bass player for a heavy-metal band that has long
cultivated a bad-boy image with songs like "Knife and Blood," and "Necrophilia."
Bohse Onkelz (a wacky German spelling, but meaning Evil Uncles), operates
its own record label and sells about 500,000 albums a year. Its most recent
release, "Evil Fairy Tales," was the top-selling album in Germany last spring.
But Mr. Weidner said bootleggers produce between 30 and 60 unauthorized albums
a year, each of which can result in thousands of unapproved compact disks.
"The problem isn't the individuals who get one of our CD's, copy it on a
CD-burner and give it to a friend," he said. "The problem is the professionals,
who are organized and do it in a huge way and have factories."
But computer executives adamantly argue that imposing fees on personal computers
is a major departure, because computers are used for many purposes other
than duplicating copyrighted music, videos or books.
"It is completely new territory," said Thomas Vinje, a lawyer in Brussels
at Morrison & Foerster, the large American law firm that represents Siemens-Fujitsu
in the battle over German copyright fees. "A PC is an entirely different
type of equipment from a cassette recorder or a video recorder. A PC is used
for a myriad of tasks, and many of them are arguably never used for copying
protected material."
Germany has moved furthest toward imposing fees on computer equipment. In
a test case brought by copyright societies against the Hewlett-Packard Company,
a court in Stuttgart ruled last November that the big company could indeed
be forced to pay a flat fee for every CD burner it sells here -- and has
sold since 1998.
Hewlett-Packard has tentatively agreed to pay 12 marks, or about $5.60, for
each CD burner. But the German copyright society representing musicians and
composers is already pushing for fees on hard-disk drives and other components
used in copying. And a separate society representing publishers is pushing
for additional fees, not just on hard-drives but on scanners and printers.
"We are talking about a volume of money far higher than the current money
that comes from existing copyright levies on analog equipment," said Hans-Jochen
Luckefett, chief financial officer for Hewlett-Packard's German subsidiary.
In France, music producers kicked off a fiery political battle last month
within the government of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin. France has for years
imposed heavy fees on blank audio and video cassettes, but French record
companies wanted to extend those fees to blank computer equipment and compact
disks.
Catherine Tasca, France's culture minister, delighted the music industry
in late January when she publicly supported a wide range of charges. Some
of France's most enduring singers, including Charles Aznavour and the aging
French star Mr. Hallyday, quickly circulated a petition in support of the
proposal.
But French newspapers immediately reacted with alarming headlines about new
taxes, and several papers quickly renamed the minister "Madame Taxe." Mr.
Jospin, apparently surprised by sudden dust-up, quickly announced that he
disagreed with his culture minister and she publicly retreated.
In Belgium, music producers are negotiating with the government and the computer
industry about revising the law to allow for fees on computer equipment as
well. Christophe Depreter, chief operating officer of Sabam, Belgium's copyright
society for authors and composers, said the society already collects about
300 million francs or about $7 million a year from fees on traditional tape
recorders and VCR's.
"We think we should at least double our income," Mr. Depreter said. "We think
the loss to the rights holders is quite a bit higher than that."
But European countries are sharply divided, which could make computer levies
a nightmare to enforce across the Continent. Britain, Ireland and Luxembourg
have never imposed fees on analog tape-recording equipment, and they are
against the digital fees as well.
Computer executives argue that consumers would simply evade the fees in Germany
or France by ordering their computer over the telephone or the Internet from
Ireland. Ireland, as it happens, happens to be the Dell Computer's main European
manufacturing center.
Because of the disagreement, the European Union essentially avoided the issue
in a sweeping new directive of digital copyrights that is expected to pass
the European Parliament on Wednesday.
Negotiated after three years of lobbying battles involving music producers,
publishes, broadcasters and consumer groups, the new directive would essentially
extend existing copyrights in traditional media to those based on the Internet
and computer technology. But the directive leaves the issue of computer levies
up to national governments.
Rock groups like Bohse Onkelz are skeptical about the value of computer fees,
but they want them anyway.
Founded in 1980, the group soon became infamous for expletive-filled songs
on subjects ranging from drug dealing and street fighting to harassing foreign
immigrants. Indeed, some music critics have charged that the group harbored
sympathy for right-wing, neo-Nazi extremists, a charge it adamantly denied.
Either way, bootlegging has become an increasingly serious problem. Band
members say they have found factories in Central Europe that had thousands
of compact disks emblazoned with their music.
"I don't think fees on computer equipment will do anything to stop the bootleggers,"
said Mr. Weidner, the group's lead composer, adding that his group would
probably get little added revenue. "Despite that, I would be in favor of
the fees, because at least they have the virtue of being simple," he said.
Roger Wallis, chairman of the Swedish society for popular music composers,
said he supports such fees in principle but admitted that fees on multipurpose
computers will run into consumer opposition.
"Anyone who makes money out of my content ought to contribute something to
my well-being," Mr. Wallis said. "It is pretty clear when people buy blank
CD-ROM's that they want to do some copying, and it is fairly easy to argue
that a certain levy should be imposed. But when you come to the actual machine,
that will be harder for people to understand."